Antidiabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and anti-obesity (lipase) inhibitory activities of edible cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as measured by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion: effects of phenolics and harvested time

Figures & data

Table 1. Total flavonoids and total tannins content of bound and free (undigested) and bioaccessible (simulated digested sample) polyphenols

Harvest Times	Varieties	Total flavonoids content			Total tannins content
		Bound (mgQE/gdw)	Free (mgQE/gdw)	Bioaccessible (mgQE/gdw)	Bound (mgTAE/gdw)	Free (mgTAE/gdw)	Bioaccessible (mgTAE/gdw)
6MAP	TMS92/0326	0.14 ± 0.02^bD	3.76 ± 0.01 ^bA	0.18 ± 0.06^bC	2.67 ± 0.09^aA	7.31 ± 0.04^aB	0.19 ± 0.03^bC
	TMS96/1414	0.17 ± 0.00^aD	2.52 ± 0.00 ^dB	0.12 ± 0.00^dC	1.43 ± 0.05 ^dA	4.61 ± 0.02 ^dB	0.10 ± 0.0 2^dC
	IRAD4115	0.19 ± 0.01^aBC	3.27 ± 0.01^cC	0.20 ± 0.03^bD	1.07 ± 0.05^eD	5.97 ± 0.10^bC	0.17 ± 0.01^bcD
	EN	0.13 ± 0.01 ^cD	4.53 ± 0.01^aA	0.20 ± 0.00^aC	2.05 ± 0.04 ^bA	5.18 ± 0.07^cC	0.27 ± 0.02^aA
	AD	0.12 ± 0.01 ^cD	3.27 ± 0.00^cC	0.11 ± 0.01^dC	1.86 ± 0.04^cB	3.72 ± 0.04^eD	0.17 ± 0.03^cB
9MAP	TMS92/0326	0.19 ± 0.01^bC	3.72 ± 0.01^bB	0.47 ± 0.04^aB	2.21 ± 0.07^aB	14.01 ± 0.07^dD	0.61 ± 0.03 ^bA
	TMS96/1414	0.18 ± 0.01^bC	2.74 ± 0.21 ^dA	0.48 ± 0.03^aA	1.32 ± 0.03^bB	14.71 ± 0.05^cA	0.69 ± 0.04^aA
	IRAD4115	0.21 ± 0.01^bB	3.99 ± 0.02^aA	0.34 ± 0.04^cC	2.19 ± 0.03^aB	22.24 ± 0.11^aA	0.28 ± 0.02^dC
	EN	0.20 ± 0.01^bC	3.37 ± 0.04^cC	0.32 ± 0.03^cB	0.24 ± 0.04^dD	8.09 ± 0.06^eB	0.25 ± 0.03^cdA
	AD	0.61 ± 0.64^aB	3.67 ± 0.05 ^bA	0.40 ± 0.01 ^bA	0.83 ± 0.03^cC	15.47 ± 0.07 ^bA	0.30 ± 0.01.^cA
12MAP	TMS92/0326	0.24 ± 0.01^cB	2.47 ± 0.02 ^cD	0.58 ± 0.03^cB	0.23 ± 0.05^eC	5.49 ± 0.06^dC	0.40 ± 0.02^bB
	TMS96/1414	0.55 ± 0.01^aB	1.09 ± 0.03^eD	0.38 ± 0.01^dB	1.43 ± 0.04 ^dA	3.49 ± 0.05^eC	0.29 ± 0.01^cB
	IRAD4115	0.20 ± 0.00^deBC	1.78 ± 0.09^dD	0.65 ± 0.02^aB	2.31 ± 0.03 ^bA	6.83 ± 0.03^bB	0.48 ± 0.02^aB
	EN	0.21 ± 0.01^cbB	2.82 ± 0.02^bD	0.62 ± 0.00 ^bA	1.64 ± 0.04^cB	12.75 ± 0.11^aA	0.27 ± 0.01 ^dA
	AD	0.26 ± 0.01^bBC	3.21 ± 0.01^aCD	0.31 ± 0.02^eB	3.52 ± 0.05^aA	5.77 ± 0.05^cB	0.27 ± 0.01^cdA
15MAP	TMS92/0326	0.89 ± 0.01^cA	3.51 ± 0.01^cC	0.69 ± 0.11 ^bA	0.78 ± 0.04 ^cD	3.28 ± 0.07 ^cD	0.43 ± 0.04^bB
	TMS96/1414	1.00 ± 0.01 ^bA	2.11 ± 0.03^dC	0.44 ± 0.11^cA	1.12 ± 0.02^bC	3.09 ± 0.07^dD	0.35 ± 0.02^cB
	IRAD4115	1.21 ± 0.01^aA	3.71 ± 0.03^bB	0.98 ± 0.07^aA	1.51 ± 0.04^aC	5.52 ± 0.05^aD	0.60 ± 0.02^aA
	EN	0.59 ± 0.01 ^dA	3.73 ± 0.03^aB	0.26 ± 0.01 ^dB	1.09 ± 0.04^cC	4.70 ± 0.02^bD	0.21 ± 0.02^eB
	AD	0.90 ± 0.00^cA	3.52 ± 0.06^cB	0.31 ± 0.04^cB	0.83 ± 0.05^dcC	5.62 ± 0.07^aC	0.28 ± 0.03 ^dA

QE: quercetin equivalent; TAE: tannic acid equivalent; gdw: gram dry weight; MAP: month after plantation; Cassava leaves harvested at 6MAP (onset dry season), 9MAP (main dry season), 12MAP (onset rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 4); Values are expressed in milligram per gram dry weight (mg/gdw) or microgram per gram dry weight (µg/gdw). Values followed by different lowercase letters in different variety in each column for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); values followed by different capital letters for each variety in each column for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Individual flavonoids content of bound and free fractions (undigested sample)

Harvest Times	Varieties	Flavanols		Flavonols
		Catechin (mg/10 gdw)		Rutin(mg/10 gdw)		Kaempferol (mg/10 gdw)		Quercetin (μg/gdw)
		Bound	Free	Bound	Free	Bound	Free	Bound	Free
6MAP	TMS92/0326	57.35 ± 1.17^aA	84.41 ± 3.11^cC	11.48 ± 1.30^cbB	15.50 ± 1.38^cBC	10.86 ± 0.39^aB	29.18 ± 0.76^aB	0.05 ± 0.00^cCD	2.91 ± 0.32^cC
	TMS96/1414	10.26 ± 0.41^cA	120.51 ± 0.64^aA	1.29 ± 0.10^dC	48.83 ± 5.72^bC	2.20 ± 0.14^cB	3.89 ± 0.34^dD	0.08 ± 0.01^bB	10.34 ± 0.31^bB
	IRAD4115	6.39 ± 0.26^eB	9.88 ± 0.38^dD	16.55 ± 0.84 ^bA	54.49 ± 1.75^aAB	1.56 ± 0.06^dC	18.33 ± 1.39^bB	0.03 ± 0.00^dC	3.36 ± 0.57^ccd
	EN	21.59 ± 0.69^bB	114.38 ± 0.45^bC	71.60 ± 2.54^aA	10.19 ± 0.87 ^dB	6.00 ± 0.43^bB	11.78 ± 1.22^cC	0.19 ± 0.02^aA	19.03 ± 1.88^aB
	AD	7.98 ± 0.32^dC	8.69 ± 0.06^dCD	70.52 ± 3.45^aA	55.25 ± 4.14^aBC	1.49 ± 0.14 ^dA	25.90 ± 3.63^aA	0.05 ± 0.13^dC	0.60 ± 0.10^dCD
9MAP	TMS92/0326	9.98 ± 0.12^bB	135.57 ± 4.96^cA	2.18 ± 0.12^cC	37.56 ± 2.65^dBCD	0.36 ± 0.05^dCD	14.51 ± 0.39 ^cC	0.59 ± 0.01^aA	4.65 ± 1.12^dAB
	TMS96/1414	7.75 ± 0.19^cB	76.22 ± 3.48^dC	2.06 ± 0.45^cAB	699.87 ± 25.72 ^bA	13.68 ± 0.48 ^bA	24.73 ± 2.35^bBC	0.12 ± 0.00 ^bA	45.69 ± 4.89^aA
	IRAD4115	29.30 ± 1.50^aA	45.03 ± 3.17^bC	1.45 ± 0.15^cBC	553.19 ± 23.76 ^cD	7.49 ± 0.36^cA	11.71 ± 0.29^bcBC	0.10 ± 0.01^bcA	6.33 ± 0.55^cC
	EN	2.61 ± 0.08^dC	174.6 ± 3.65 ^bA	46.64 ± 3.18^aB	87.49 ± 7.42 ^dA	16.19 ± 2.56^aA	5.60 ± 0.29^dD	0.04 ± 0.00^dC	1.64 ± 0.15^eCD
	AD	10.95 ± 0.18 ^bA	412.25 ± 2.16^aA	3.35 ± 0.74^bcB	917.41 ± 5.31^aA	0.24 ± 0.02^dC	242.15 ± 1.77^aB	0.04 ± 0.01 ^dA	36.33 ± 2.92 ^bA
12MAP	TMS92/0326	8.99 ± 0.67^bB	106.16 ± 5.44^bB	15.07 ± 1.79 ^bA	45.38 ± 9.75^bB	1.49 ± 0.06^bC	7.81 ± 0.07^bD	0.41 ± 0.01^aB	5.55 ± 0.35^cA
	TMS96/1414	3.86 ± 0.24^eC	11.55 ± 0.16 ^cD	2.21 ± 0.29 ^dA	24.58 ± 0.19 ^cD	0.29 ± 0.05^dcD	2.45 ± 0.44^eDE	0.02 ± 0.00^bcC	3.75 ± 0.53^cdD
	IRAD4115	6.79 ± 0.67^bcdB	451.60 ± 5.44^aA	1.72 ± 0.36^cdB	70.14 ± 4.24^aA	0.19 ± 0.03^deD	3.82 ± 0.44^cdE	0.02 ± 0.00^bcdD	31.54 ± 5.22^aB
	EN	94.95 ± 2.51^aA	102.46 ± 1.75^bB	22.63 ± 1.30^aC	22.69 ± 1.24^cC	5.37 ± 0.57^aB	41.07 ± 1.69^aB	0.05 ± 0.00b^CD	3.58 ± 0.63^cdeC
	AD	8.42 ± 0.32^bcC	107.15 ± 1.81^bB	2.65 ± 0.21^cBC	31.07 ± 9.11^cBC	1.30 ± 0.06^bcB	4.02 ± 0.36^cC	0.09 ± 0.00^deB	23.64 ± 0.86^bB
15MAP	TMS92/0326	9.40 ± 0.42^bB	17.04 ± 0.11 ^cD	1.78 ± 0.28^bcdC	1024.92 ± 10.25^aA	37.03 ± 1.89^aA	50.86 ± 4.08^aA	0.09 ± 0.01^bC	5.43 ± 0.27 ^dA
	TMS96/1414	9.80 ± 0.42^aA	107.96 ± 2.23^bB	0.89 ± 0.09^eCD	359.66 ± 15.26^bB	0.59 ± 0.03^eC	285.57 ± 2.14 ^bA	0.05 ± 0.00^dD	13.72 ± 0.36^cB
	IRAD4115	4.93 ± 0.46^cBC	185.33 ± 5.88^aB	1.89 ± 0.15^bB	32.43 ± 1.70^cABC	4.34 ± 0.21^cB	240.13 ± 9.16 ^dA	0.05 ± 0.00^cB	70.91 ± 9.54^aA
	EN	2.76 ± 0.30^dC	0.92 ± 0.11^dD	14.75 ± 0.49^aCD	21.46 ± 1.66^dD	5.46 ± 0.25^bB	30.73 ± 3.99^cA	0.13 ± 0.01^aB	29.09 ± 2.70 ^bA
	AD	9.22 ± 0.15^bB	16.32 ± 0.17^cC	1.87 ± 0.17^bcBC	62.02 ± 1.70^cB	1.27 ± 0.08^dB	2.09 ± 0.39^eCD	0.04 ± 0.00^dCD	1.10 ± 0.81^eC

Var: varieties; MAP: month after plantation; cassava leaves varieties harvested at 6MAP (onset of dry season), 9MAP (main dry season), 12 (onset of rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 3); Values are expressed in milligram per 10 gram dry weight (µg/10 gdw), or microgram per gram dry weight (µg/gdw). Values followed by different lowercase letters in different variety in each column for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); values followed by different capital letters for each variety in each column for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Individual stilbenes, saponins and tannins content of bound and free polyphenols (undigested sample)

		Stilbenes		Saponins		Tannins
		Bound	Free	Bound	Free	Bound	Free
Harvest times	Varieties	Resveratrol (µg/gdw)	Resveratrol (µg/gdw)	Diosgenin (µg/gdw)	Diosgenin (µg/gdw)	Tannic acid (mg/gdw)	Tannic acid(mg/gdw)
6MAP	TMS92/0326	0.88 ± 0.02^bB	29.85 ± 1.61^cB	0.07 ± 0.01 ^dA	0.10 ± 0.01^bB	5.80 ± 0. 23^aA	121.99 ± 1.68^bC
	TMS96/1414	0.91 ± 0.03 ^bA	9.54 ± 0.58^dBC	0.30 ± 0.09^cA	1.29 ± 0.04^aC	3.59 ± 0.17^bA	4.59 ± 1.12^eD
	IRAD4115	1.03 ± 0.04^aB	162.96 ± 15.86^aA	0.94 ± 0.1^aC	0.05 ± 0.00^cC	0.28 ± 0.01^cA	133.88 ± 3.86^aA
	EN	ND	100.60 ± 6.31^bAB	0.27 ± 0.03^bB	0.10 ± 0.02^bCD	0.02 ± 0.00^dC	14.75 ± 0.79 ^dA
	AD	0.46 ± 0.06^cA	97.67 ± 9.79^bB	0.07 ± 0.00 ^dB	0.05 ± 0.00^dD	0.30 ± 0.02^cB	86.29 ± 3.96 ^cD
9MAP	TMS92/0326	0.27 ± 0.03^bC	11.81 ± 1.25^dBCD	0.02 ± 0.0.^bC	0.07 ± 0.00^cBC	0.09 ± 0.00^cB	29.17 ± 0.62^dD
	TMS96/1414	0.17 ± 0.03^cB	30.73 ± 2.93^cB	0.03 ± 0.01^bC	0.12 ± 0.01^bD	0.15 ± 0.00^bB	44.94 ± 1.16^cA
	IRAD4115	1.79 ± 0.09^aB	152.48 ± 7.58 ^bA	0.19 ± 0.02^aD	0.02 ± 0.00^dC	0.03 ± 0.0^dD	13.31 ± 1.04^dD
	EN	1.86 ± 0.01^aA	115.89 ± 1.49 ^bA	0.01 ± 0.00^bC	0.24 ± 0.00^aC	0.36 ± 0.01^aB	81.31 ± 4.89^aB
	AD	0.09 ± 0.00^dC	5679.12 ± 7.54^aA	0.02 ± 0.00^bC	0.26 ± 0.03^aB	0.04 ± 0.00^dD	63.76 ± 1.70 ^bA
12MAP	TMS92/0326	0.16 ± 0.00^cC	22.69 ± 1.91^dBC	0.03 ± 0.00^eB	0.09 ± 0.00^eB	0.07 ± 0.00.^deBC	13.91 ± 3.37^bB
	TMS96/1414	0.12 ± 0.00^cB	34.51 ± 1.20^cB	0.18 ± 0.03 ^dB	6.95 ± 0.13^aAB	0.07 ± 0.00^eBC	14.69 ± 0.61^bC
	IRAD4115	0.109 ± 0.00^cC	103.90 ± 1.45^aB	2.45 ± 0.02^aA	5.32 ± 0.04 ^bA	0.08 ± 0.00 ^dB	44.40 ± 0.67^aC
	EN	0.59 ± 0.01^bB	86.80 ± 1.84^bB	0.45 ± 0.04 ^bA	1.45 ± 0.01^cA	0.49 ± 0.08^aA	3.94 ± 0.20^dC
	AD	0.35 ± 0.00^aB	11.44 ± 0.87^eCD	0.25 ± 0.07^cA	1.32 ± 0.01 ^dA	0.42 ± 0.01 ^bA	10.33 ± 0.43^cC
15MAP	TMS92/0326	11.20 ± 0.05^aA	160.77 ± 13.85 ^bA	0.04 ± 0.00^B	0.15 ± 0.00^cA	0.06 ± 0.00^abBC	404.31 ± 3.16^aA
	TMS96/1414	0.19 ± 0.00^bB	679.79 ± 10.49^aA	0.03 ± 0.00^bC	0.75 ± 0.01^aA	0.01 ± 0.00^cBC	33.04 ± 1.03 ^dB
	IRAD4115	11.59 ± 0.09^aA	10.49 ± 0.90^eC	2.04 ± 0.00^aB	0.48 ± 0.02^bB	0.07 ± 0.00^bC	44.58 ± 0.85^cB
	EN	ND	67.58 ± 8.46^dC	0.01 ± 0.00^cC	0.82 ± 0.01^aB	0.02 ± 0.00^cC	1.50 ± 0.06^eD
	AD	ND	82.16 ± 4.97^cBC	0.02 ± 0.00^cC	0.11 ± 0.01 ^dBC	0.07 ± 0.00^aC	57.88 ± 1.27^bB

ND: not detected; gdw: gram dry weight; MAP: month after plantation; cassava leaves varieties harvested at 6MAP (onset of dry season), 9MAP (main dry season), 12 (onset of rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 3); Values are expressed in microgram per 100 grams dry weight (µg/100 gdw) or microgram per gram dry weight (µg/gdw) or milligram per gram dry weight (mg/gdw). Values followed by different lowercase letters in different variety in each column for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); values followed by different capital letters for each variety in each column for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 4. Individual bioaccessible stilbenes, saponins and tannins content (simulated digested sample). Value expressed in microgram per gram dry weight

Harvest times	Varieties	Flavanols	Flavonols			Tannins	Stilbenes	Saponins
		Catechin	Rutin	Kaempferol	Quercetin	Tannic	Resveratrol	Diosgenin
6MAP	TMS92/0326	34.06 ± 0.88 ^bA	1265.02 ± 1.01^cA	2.46 ± 0.06^bB	2.50 ± 0.01 ^dA	391.06 ± 0.17 ^dA	88.17 ± 0.59^cB	389.01 ± 7.70 ^dA
	TMS96/1414	34.17 ± 0.28 ^bA	1558.22 ± 2.78 ^bA	2.05 ± 0.08^cA	0.67 ± 0.03^eB	1537.42 ± 1.42 ^bA	156.08 ± 0.50 ^bA	242.84 ± 12.09^eA
	IRAD4115	11.51 ± 0.04 ^dA	493.42 ± 0.32^eC	0.89 ± 0.01 ^dB	3.82 ± 0.24 ^bA	559.26 ± 2.63^cA	48.53 ± 0.67^eB	745.49 ± 16.89 ^bA
	EN	45.06 ± 0.30^aA	2798.49 ± 0.20^aA	13.39 ± 0.13^aA	6.32 ± 0.23^aA	2242.26 ± 3.64^aA	432.68 ± 1.45^aA	3848.19 ± 19.39^aA
	AD	13.57 ± 0.23^cA	510.73 ± 0.19 ^dA	0.69 ± 0.01^eC	3.00 ± 0.02^cA	555.65 ± 0.43^cB	51.81 ± 0.63 ^dA	644.19 ± 13.16^cA
9MAP	TMS92/0326	3.20 ± 0.07^aB	976.05 ± 0.21^aB	6.38 ± 0.09^aA	1.92 ± 0.01^cA	260.40 ± 1.39^bB	97.62 ± 0.12^aA	48.98 ± 0.29^cB
	TMS96/1414	1.82 ± 0.04^bB	517.02 ± 0.11^cC	5.61 ± 0.04 ^bA	1.81 ± 0.02 ^dA	121.39 ± 0.47^eD	51.57 ± 0.13^cC	13.12 ± 0.35^dC
	IRAD4115	1.17 ± 0.01^cB	537.19 ± 0.05^bB	4.07 ± 0.04 ^dA	2.43 ± 0.03^aA	242.20 ± 3.77^cB	53.95 ± 0.21^bB	13.58 ± 0.22^dC
	EN	0.54 ± 0.01^eC	487.26 ± 0.28^dC	0.68 ± 0.01^eB	2.19 ± 0.03^bC	214.44 ± 0.17^dD	49.21 ± 0.47^dC	80.48 ± 0.94^bC
	AD	0.78 ± 0.02 ^dB	317.03 ± 0.18^eB	5.08 ± 0.06^cB	2.17 ± 0.02^bB	1169.55 ± 3.68^aA	31.96 ± 0.23^eB	135.09 ± 1.15^aC
12MAP	TMS92/0326	5.40 ± 0.03^aB	658.33 ± 1.62^dC	0.64 ± 0.03^eB	3.49 ± 0.33^aA	188.97 ± 1.34^cC	66.12 ± 0.53^cC	20.92 ± 0.29^aC
	TMS96/1414	4.53 ± 0.09^bB	955.10 ± 0.91^aB	1.44 ± 0.11 ^bA	3.24 ± 0.04 ^bA	170.41 ± 0.61^dC	95.62 ± 0.26^aB	20.67 ± 0.68^aB
	IRAD4115	1.81 ± 0.02^cB	898.37 ± 3.03 ^bA	1.06 ± 0.01^cB	1.77 ± 0.06^eB	84.54 ± 0.21^eC	91.22 ± 1.85 ^bA	17.92 ± 1.56^bC
	EN	1.10 ± 0.02^dC	611.13 ± 1.14^eB	0.95 ± 0.02 ^dB	2.83 ± 0.04^cC	319.51 ± 1.89^aC	60.85 ± 0.41 ^dB	12.28 ± 0.12^dD
	AD	1.02 ± 0.01^eB	661.66 ± 0.67^cA	1.91 ± 0.02^aC	2.54 ± 0.03 ^dB	192.32 ± 1.24^bD	65.96 ± 0.86^cA	15.55 ± 0.95 ^cD
15MAP	TMS92/0326	1.56 ± 0.01 ^dB	671.26 ± 0.04^aC	1.98 ± 0.02^bB	2.90 ± 0.03 ^bA	385.05 ± 1.34 ^bA	67.44 ± 0.34^aC	20.66 ± 0.39^dC
	TMS96/1414	1.48 ± 0.01^cdB	472.97 ± 1.64^cC	1.66 ± 0.04 ^bA	2.11 ± 0.04^cA	273.84 ± 2.07^cB	47.73 ± 0.46^bC	14.47 ± 0.80^eC
	IRAD4115	1.48 ± 0.03^cB	371.32 ± 1.29^dD	1.05 ± 0.01 ^dB	1.91 ± 0.05 ^dB	80.27 ± 0.58^eC	37.23 ± 0.17^cB	281.35 ± 2.76^cB
	EN	17.73 ± 0.24^aB	557.04 ± 0.22^bB	1.60 ± 0.07^cA	3.83 ± 0.14^aB	1938.19 ± 3.27^aB	1.84 ± 0.01^dD	425.51 ± 0.66^aB
	AD	5.16 ± 0.09^bB	154.76 ± 0.22^eC	20.82 ± 0.26^aA	0.25 ± 0.02^eC	233.57 ± 0.30^dC	1.56 ± 0.03d^eC	306.88 ± 1.89^bB

MAP: month after plantation; TMS92: TMS92/0326; TMS96: TMS96/1414; IRAD: IRAD4115; EN: EN; AD: AD, cassava leaves varieties harvested at 6MAP (onset of dry season), 9MAP (main dry season), 12 (onset of rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by different lowercase letters in different variety in each column for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); values followed by different capital letters for each variety in each column for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 5. α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activity of bound and free polyphenols (undigested sample)

Harvest times	Varieties	α-glucosidase (mgACE/gdw)		α-amylase (mgACE/gdw)		Lipase (mgORLE/gdw)
		Bound	Free	Bound	Free	Bound	Free
6MAP	TMS92/0326	1.65 ± 0.22^eC	1.55 ± 0.07^dC	1.99 ± 0.05^cB	25.07 ± 1.17^cA	0.71 ± 0.00 ^cD	4.99 ± 0.17^bB
	TMS96/1414	2.19 ± 0.09^dD	2.24 ± 0.09^cdBA	2.49 ± 0.02^abA	38.85 ± 1.46^aA	0.74 ± 0.00 ^cD	4.89 ± 0.12^cdC
	IRAD4115	2.80 ± 0.17^cC	2.47 ± 0.13^cA	2.62 ± 0.17 ^bA	6.33 ± 1.84 ^dA	0.75 ± 0.02 ^cD	4.90 ± 0.12^cC
	EN	19.62 ± 0.27^aA	7.61 ± 0.30^aA	2.98 ± 0.27^aA	27.57 ± 1.62^cA	1.03 ± 0.02^aD	5.79 ± 0.18^aAB
	AD	17.30 ± 0.03^bB	5.89 ± 0.80 ^bA	1.73 ± 0.09^cA	29.02 ± 1.68 ^bA	0.85 ± 0.02^bD	4.71 ± 0.11^dBC
9MAP	TMS92/0326	8.18 ± 1.25 ^dA	1.29 ± 0.03^bD	3.21 ± 0.30^aA	1.69 ± 0.12^abcB	6.36 ± 0.17 ^bAB	6.02 ± 0.30^aA
	TMS96/1414	19.35 ± 0.12^abcA	1.28 ± 0.02^abcC	1.54 ± 0.37^cB	1.98 ± 0.21^aB	6.29 ± 0.09^bcB	5.74 ± 0.12^bAB
	IRAD4115	18.09 ± 0.17^cA	1.16 ± 0.09^eCB	1.56 ± 0.28^bcB	1.75 ± 0.29^bB	6.05 ± 0.22^cB	5.44 ± 0.09^bAB
	EN	8.39 ± 0.82 ^dB	1.40 ± 0.09^aD	1.67 ± 0.07^bB	1.38 ± 0.14^cB	8.12 ± 0.17^aA	6.08 ± 0.32^aA
	AD	19.49 ± 0.77^aA	1.19 ± 0.08^ceDC	1.66 ± 0.31^bAB	1.53 ± 0.23^cB	8.14 ± 0.27^aA	6.15 ± 0.38^aA
12MAP	TMS92/0326	3.54 ± 0.05^aC	1.94 ± 0.156^cB	1.38 ± 0.19^abCD	1.39 ± 0.01^aBD	6.63 ± 0.21^bcA	6.09 ± 0.12 ^bA
	TMS96/1414	3.57 ± 0.05^aC	2.28 ± 0.28 ^bA	1.52 ± 0.17^aB	1.35 ± 0.04^bBC	8.40 ± 0.13^aA	5.88 ± 0.19^cA
	IRAD4115	3.57 ± 0.05^aB	1.18 ± 0.03^dCB	1.55 ± 0.07^aB	1.33 ± 0.04^abcBC	6.52 ± 0.27^cA	6.49 ± 0.19^aA
	EN	2.85 ± 0.04 ^cD	2.05 ± 0.09^abC	1.07 ± 0.07^cCD	1.13 ± 0.11^cBC	5.70 ± 0.06 ^dB	5.16 ± 0.20^dC
	AD	3.18 ± 0.04^bD	2.29 ± 0.16^aB	1.42 ± 0.16^bAB	1.25 ± 0.01^abB	5.65 ± 0.14 ^dB	4.66 ± 0.43^eBC
15MAP	TMS92/0326	9.11 ± 0.48^cA	2.21 ± 0.16 ^bA	1.64 ± 0.05^aC	1.14 ± 0.02^cCB	5.76 ± 0.14^aC	5.91 ± 0.12^aC
	TMS96/1414	14.82 ± 0.89^abB	2.37 ± 0.09^bB	1.03 ± 0.04^cC	1.47 ± 0.09^aBC	4.91 ± 0.09^cC	4.57 ± 0.10 ^cD
	IRAD4115	3.17 ± 0.51 ^dB	1.32 ± 0.01 ^dB	1.57 ± 0.17^aB	1.16 ± 0.06^cdBC	5.84 ± 0.20^aBC	5.55 ± 0.33^bB
	EN	15.08 ± 0.92^bB	2.69 ± 0.09^aC	1.26 ± 0.00^bC	0.73 ± 0.08 ^dBC	5.53 ± 0.08^bBC	4.68 ± 0.34^cCD
	AD	15.91 ± 0.63^aC	1.96 ± 0.01^cBC	1.12 ± 0.11 ^cD	1.43 ± 0.03^bBC	5.37 ± 0.06^bBC	5.09 ± 0.29^bB

ACE: acarbose equivalent; ORLE: orlistat equivalent; MAP: month after plantation; cassava leaves harvested at 6 MAP (onset dry season), 9MAP (main dry season), 12MAP (onset rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); Values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 4); Values are expressed in milligram (mg) per gram dry weight (mg/gdw). Values followed by different lowercase letters in different variety in each column for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); values followed by different capital letters for each variety in each column for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

ACE: acarbose equivalent; ORLE: orlistat equivalent; MAP: month after plantation; cassava leaves harvested at 6 MAP (onset dry season), 9 MAP (main dry season), 12MAP (onset rainy season) and 15MAP (main rainy season); Values represent means ± standard deviation (n = 4); Values are expressed in milligram (mg) per gram dry weight. Bars followed by different lowercase letters in different variety for the same month are significantly different (p < 0.05); bars followed by different capital letters for each variety for all month are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Effect of bioaccessible (simulated digested sample) polyphenols on key enzymes: α-amylase (a), α-glucosidase (b) and lipase (c).