Teaching Undergraduate Medical Students Non-Technical Skills: An Evaluation Study of a Simulated Ward Experience

References

• Sexton JB, Thomas EJ, Helmreich RL. Error, stress, and teamwork in medicine and aviation: cross sectional surveys. BMJ. 2000;320(7237):745–749. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmreich RL. On error management: lessons from aviation. BMJ. 2000;320(7237):781–785. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon M. Non-technical skills training to enhance patient safety. Clin Teach. 2013;10(3):170–175. doi:10.1111/j.1743-498X.2012.00640.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flin R, O’Connor P, Crichton M. Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to Non-Technical Skills. Taylor & Francis; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• General Medical Council. Generic professional capabilities framework; 2017:8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Brown M, Shaw D, Sharples S, Le Jeune I, Blakey J. A survey-based cross-sectional study of doctors’ expectations and experiences of non-technical skills for out of hours work. BMJ Open. 2015;5(2):1–6. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn MC, Scott HR, Thomson C, Peacock S, Paton C. How we equip undergraduates with prioritisation skills using simulated teaching scenarios. Med Teach. 2012;34(7):526–529. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2012.668235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan J, Green V, Blair J. Using simulation to prepare for clinical practice. Clin Teach. 2018;15(1):57–61. doi:10.1111/tct.12631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Medical Council. Good medical practice; 2013. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3085-7.00001-8
   Google Scholar
• General Medical Council. Promoting excellence: An international study into creating awareness of business excellence models. TQM J. 2000;6. doi:10.1108/17542730810867254
   Google Scholar
• Ker J, Bradley P. Simulation in medical education. In: Swanick T, editor. Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2014:175–192.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt G, Wainwright P. Expanding the Role of the Nurse. Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• McManus I, Richards P, Winder B. Clinical experience of UK medical students. Lancet. 1998;351:802–803. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79103-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee C, Morrissey N, Hook S. Departmental induction and the simulated surgical ward round. Clin Teach. 2015;12(1):22–26. doi:10.1111/tct.12247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harvey R, Mellanby E, Dearden E, Medjoub K, Edgar S. Developing non – technical ward- round skills. Clin Teach. 2015;12:336–340. doi:10.1111/tct.12344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland J, Patey R, Thomas I, Walker K, O’Connor P, Russ S. Supporting transitions in medical career pathways: the role of simulation-based education. Adv Simul. 2016;1(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s41077-016-0015-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ker JS, Hesketh EA, Anderson F, Johnston DA. Can a ward simulation exercise achieve the realism that reflects the complexity of everyday practice junior doctors encounter? Med Teach. 2006;28(4):330–334. doi:10.1080/01421590600627623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskaratos FM, Wallace D, Gkotsi D, Burns A, Epstein O. The educational value of ward rounds for junior trainees. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:1. doi:10.3402/meo.v20.27559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikendei C, Kraus B, Schrauth M, Briem S, Jünger J. Ward rounds: how prepared are future doctors? Med Teach. 2008;30(1):88–91. doi:10.1080/01421590701753468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illing J, Morrow G, Kergon C, et al. How prepared are medical graduates to begin practice? A comparison of three diverse UK medical schools final report for the GMC April 2008; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Illing JC, Johnson N, Allen M, et al. Perceptions of UK medical graduates’ preparedness for practice: a multi-centre qualitative study reflecting the importance of learning on the job. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:1. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-13-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher PH, Aggarwal R, Singh P, Srisatkunam T, Twaij A, Darzi A. Ward simulation to improve surgical ward round performance: a randomized controlled trial of a simulation-based curriculum. Ann Surg. 2014;260(2):236–243. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollo EA, Reinke CE, Nelson C, et al. The simulated ward: ideal for training clinical clerks in an era of patient safety. J Surg Res. 2012;177(1):e1–e6. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikendei C, Kraus B, Lauber H, et al. An innovative model for teaching complex clinical procedures: integration of standardised patients into ward round training for final year students. Med Teach. 2007;29(2–3):246–252. doi:10.1080/01421590701299264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling K, Hogg G, Ker J, Anderson F, Hanslip J, Byrne D. Using simulation to support doctors in difficulty. Clin Teach. 2012;9(5):285–289. doi:10.1111/j.1743-498X.2012.00541.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brigden D, Dangerfield P. The role of simulation in medical education. Clin Teach. 2008;5:167–170. doi:10.1053/j.scrs.2008.02.007
   Google Scholar
• Behrens C, Dolmans DHJM, Leppink J, Gormley GJ, Driessen EW. Ward round simulation in final year medical students: does it promote students learning? Med Teach. 2018;40(2):199–204. doi:10.1080/0142159X.2017.1397616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller JM. Simulation in undergraduate medical education: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Med Educ. 2004;38:32–38. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2004.01739.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mole LJ, McLafferty IHR. Evaluating a simulated ward exercise for third year student nurses. Nurse Educ Pract. 2004;4(2):91–99. doi:10.1016/S1471-5953(03)00031-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagemann V, Herbstreit F, Kehren C, et al. Does teaching non-technical skills to medical students improve those skills and simulated patient outcome? Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:101–113. doi:10.5116/ijme.58c1.9f0d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas I, Nicol L, Regan L, et al. Driven to distraction: a prospective controlled study of a simulated ward round experience to improve patient safety teaching for medical students. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(2):154–161. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick D. Great ideas revisited. Techniques for evaluating training programs. Revisiting Kirkpatrick’s four-level model. Train Dev. 1996;50:54–59. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.175
   Google Scholar
• Bates R. A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence. Eval Program Plann. 2004;27(3):341–347. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stufflebeam DL. The CIPP model for evaluation. In: International Handbook of Educational Evaluation. 9th ed. Taylor & Francis; 2003:31–62
   Google Scholar
• Boynton PM, Greenhalgh T. Selecting, designing, and developing your questionnaire. BMJ. 2004;328(7451):1312–1315. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boynton PM. Administering, analysing, and reporting your questionnaire. BMJ. 2004;328(7452):1372–1375. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artino AR, La Rochelle JS, Dezee KJ, Gehlbach H. Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87. Med Teach. 2014;36(6):463–474. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2014.889814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovato C, Wall D. Programme evaluation: improving practice, influencing policy and decision-making. In: Swanick T, editor. Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2014:385–399.
   Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Moving towards analysis. In: Successful Qualitative Research. A Practical Guide for Beginners. 1st ed. Sage; 2013d:173–200.
   Google Scholar
• Cook DA. Twelve tips for evaluating educational programs. Med Teach. 2010;32(4):296–301. doi:10.3109/01421590903480121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart A. Ten common pitfalls to avoid when conducting quantitative research. Br J Midwifery. 2014;14(9):532–533. doi:10.12968/bjom.2006.14.9.21795
   Google Scholar
• Mays N, Pope C, Qualitative research in health care. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ. 2000;320(7226):50–52. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7226.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble H, Smith J. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evid Based Nurs. 2015;18(2):34–35. doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102054
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng S, Baker L, Cristancho S, et al. Qualitative research in medical education: methodologies and methods. In: Swanick T, editor. Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2014:371–384.
   Google Scholar
• Powell N, Bruce CG, Redfern O. Teaching a “good” ward round. Clin Med J. 2015;15(2):135–138. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.15-2-135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Force J, Thomas I, Buckley F. Reviving post-take surgical ward round teaching. Clin Teach. 2014;11(2):109–115. doi:10.1111/tct.12071
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer J, McKimm J. Patient involvement in medical education. In: Swanick T, editor. Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2014:227–239.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan N, Corrigan O, Allard J, et al. The transition from medical student to junior doctor: today’s experiences of tomorrow’s doctors. Med Educ. 2010;44(5):449–458. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03604.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcleod S. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychol. 2019. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor CA, Paton C, Thomson C, Chandratilake M, Scott H. Preparing medical students for clinical decision making: a pilot study exploring how students make decisions and the perceived impact of a clinical decision making teaching intervention. Med Teach. 2012;34:7. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2012.670323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Successful Qualitative Research. A Practical Guide for Beginners. 1st ed. Sage; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo-page L, Bodilly S, Bunton S. Understanding qualitative and quantitative research paradigms in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87(3):386. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318247c660
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horrocks N, Pounder R. Working the night shift: preparation, survival and recovery. Medicine. 2006;6(1):61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar