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ABSTRACT
The objective of the current study was to determine the phenolic composition and carotenoid contents of leaves, bark, and fruits of Malpighia umbellata, assess the changes in the phenolic composition and contents of carotenoids and vitamin C of its fruits in different stages of maturity, and evaluate the antioxidant properties of its leaves, bark, and fruits. Leaves accumulated the highest levels of flavonoids (10.55 mg/g dry extract), tannins (21.16 mg/g dry extract), and carotenoids (424 63 µg/g dry tissue); whereas, the highest level of total phenolics was found in bark (47.12 mg/g dry extract). The vitamin C content decreased with the maturity of fruits. Twenty-two phenolics were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Apigenin-7-O-glycosides, phenolic acids, and flavonols were predominant in leaves, bark, and fruits, respectively. Important chemical variations were found during fruit ripening. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging activity and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) inhibition assays revealed important antioxidant properties for this acerola.
RESUMEN
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición fenólica y contenidos de carotenoides de las hojas, corteza, y frutos de Malpighia umbellata; los cambios en la composición fenólica y contenidos de carotenoides y vitamina C de sus frutos durante la maduración; y las propiedades antioxidantes de sus hojas, corteza, y frutos. Las hojas acumularon los niveles más altos de flavonoides, taninos (10.55 y 21.16 mg/g extracto seco, respectivamente), y carotenoides (424 63 µg/g tejido seco); el nivel más alto de fenoles totales se encontró en corteza (47.12 mg/g extracto seco). El contenido de vitamina C disminuyó con la madurez de los frutos. Veintidós compuestos fenólicos se caracterizaron por HPLC-DAD. Apigenina-3-O-glicósidos fueron predominantes en hojas, ácidos fenólicos en corteza, y flavonoles en frutos. Se encontraron importantes variaciones químicas durante la madurez de los frutos. Los ensayos de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y 2,2ʹ-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-ácido sulfónico) (ABTS) revelaron importantes propiedades antioxidantes para esta acerola.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Acknowledgments
AVS acknowledges CONACYT México and IPN for a doctoral fellowship.