2
Views
62
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Backcountry Encounter Norms, Actual Reported Encounters, and Their Relationship to Wilderness Solitude

&
Pages 259-275 | Received 29 Mar 1989, Accepted 15 Feb 1990, Published online: 13 Feb 2018

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (32)

John M. Nettles, Matthew T. J. Brownlee, Ryan L. Sharp, Michael P. Blacketer & Jeffrey C. Hallo. (2023) Norm Stability: Visitors’ Perceptions of Crowding at Cumberland Island National Seashore. Leisure Sciences 45:6, pages 559-576.
Read now
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir & C. Michael Hall. (2021) Visitor satisfaction in wilderness in times of overtourism: a longitudinal study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29:1, pages 123-141.
Read now
Cecilia Pasquinelli & Mariapina Trunfio. (2020) Overtouristified cities: an online news media narrative analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28:11, pages 1805-1824.
Read now
Valerie Manusov. (2020) In praise of voluntary solitude: the “fertile void” and its role in communication and relationships. Atlantic Journal of Communication 28:1, pages 68-83.
Read now
Ove Oklevik, Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, Jens Kristian Steen Jacobsen, Ivar Petter Grøtte & Scott McCabe. (2019) Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: a case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27:12, pages 1804-1824.
Read now
Beiqi Shi, Jinlin Zhao & Po-Ju Chen. (2017) Exploring urban tourism crowding in Shanghai via crowdsourcing geospatial data. Current Issues in Tourism 20:11, pages 1186-1209.
Read now
RobertE. Manning & DanielH. Krymkowski. (2010) Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas. International Journal of Sociology 40:3, pages 11-29.
Read now
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir. (2010) Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on Tourist Attitudes. Tourism Geographies 12:1, pages 25-52.
Read now
DanielH. Krymkowski, RobertE. Manning & WilliamA. Valliere. (2009) Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis. Leisure Sciences 31:5, pages 403-416.
Read now
Robert E. Manning & Wayne A. Freimund. (2004) Use of Visual Research Methods to Measure Standards of Quality for Parks and Outdoor Recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 36:4, pages 557-579.
Read now
Robert Manning, Steven Lawson, Peter Newman, William Valliere, Megha Budruk & Daniel Laven. (2003) Basic and Applied Research: Application of Disciplinary Theory and Methods in the Field of Leisure Studies. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 26:1, pages 25-48.
Read now
Chris Ryan, Birgit Trauer, Jenny Kave, Arti Sharma & Sanjay Sharma. (2003) Backpackers—What is the Peak Experience?. Tourism Recreation Research 28:3, pages 93-98.
Read now
Robert E. Manning, Peter Newman, William A. Valliere, Ben Wang & Steven R. Lawson. (2001) Respondent Self-Assessment of Research on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 33:3, pages 251-271.
Read now
HarryC. Zinn, MichaelJ. Manfredo, JerryJ. Vaske & Karin Wittmann. (1998) Using normative beliefs to determine the acceptability of wildlife management actions. Society & Natural Resources 11:7, pages 649-662.
Read now
MichaelA. Tarrant, H. Kenneth Cordell & TamelaL. Kibler. (1997) Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors. Leisure Sciences 19:2, pages 97-112.
Read now
Michael A. Tarrant & Donald B. K. English. (1996) A Crowding-based Model of Social Carrying Capacity: Applications For Whitewater Boating Use. Journal of Leisure Research 28:3, pages 155-168.
Read now
JohnL. Heywood. (1996) Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18:4, pages 355-363.
Read now
CemM. Basman, MichaelJ. Manfredo, SusanC. Barro, JerryJ. Vaske & Alan Watson. (1996) Norm accessibility: An exploratory study of backcountry and frontcountry recreational norms. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 177-191.
Read now
MichaelS. Lewis, DavidW. Lime & DorothyH. Anderson. (1996) Paddle canoeists’ encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 143-160.
Read now
Robert Manning, Darryll Johnson & Mark Vande Kamp. (1996) Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay national park. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 125-141.
Read now
Bo Shelby, JerryJ. Vaske & MaureenP. Donnelly. (1996) Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 103-123.
Read now
RobertE. Manning, WayneA. Freimund, DavidW. Lime & DavidG. Pitt. (1996) Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences 18:1, pages 39-59.
Read now
JohnL. Heywood. (1996) Social regularities in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18:1, pages 23-37.
Read now
CaryD. McDonald. (1996) Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments. Leisure Sciences 18:1, pages 1-6.
Read now
WilliamE. Hammitt & WilliamM. Rutlin. (1995) Use encounter standards and curves for achieved privacy in wilderness. Leisure Sciences 17:4, pages 245-262.
Read now
Ian Patterson & Gaylene Carpenter. (1994) Participation in leisure activities after the death of a spouse. Leisure Sciences 16:2, pages 105-117.
Read now
AlanE. Watson & MichaelJ. Niccolucci. (1992) Defining past‐experience dimensions for wilderness recreation. Leisure Sciences 14:2, pages 89-103.
Read now
Francis P. Noe. (1992) Further Questions about the Measurement and Conceptualization of Backcountry Encounter Norms. Journal of Leisure Research 24:1, pages 86-92.
Read now
William E. Hammitt & Michael E. Patterson. (1991) Coping Behavior to Avoid Visitor Encounters: Its Relationship to Wildland Privacy. Journal of Leisure Research 23:3, pages 225-237.
Read now
Bo Shelby & Jerry J. Vaske. (1991) Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23:2, pages 173-187.
Read now
Daniel R. Williams, Joseph W. Roggenbuck & Steve Bange. (1991) The Effect of Norm-Encounter Compatability On Crowding Perceptions, Experience and Behavior in River Recreation Settings. Journal of Leisure Research 23:2, pages 154-172.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (30)

Peet van der Merwe. (2023) Tourists’ feelings and behaviours in crowded areas of the Kruger National Park’s southern section. KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 65:1.
Crossref
Debasis Pradhan, Tapas Ranjan Moharana & Garima Malik. (2023) Influence of celebrity, destination and tourist personality on destination attachment and revisit intention: Moderating roles of endorsement embeddedness, destination crowding and gender. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 27, pages 100754.
Crossref
Elizabeth E. Perry, Xiao Xiao, Tatiana A. Iretskaia, Peizhe Li, Robert E. Manning, William A. Valliere & Nathan P. Reigner. (2022) A review of digitalization and sustainability in parks and recreation indicators and thresholds research. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 39, pages 100550.
Crossref
Ming-Wei Chen, Hung-Ming Tu & Chien-Hung Tung. (2022) From Chinese tourists to Taiwanese campers: Impacts of tourism policies on campsite land use/cover change. Journal of Environmental Management 310, pages 114749.
Crossref
Dylan Doeblin, Michael Brunson, Ryan L. Sharp & Matthew T.J. Brownlee. (2022) Utilizing social science data from river recreationists to inform river management. River Research and Applications 38:4, pages 788-798.
Crossref
Bart Neuts. 2021. A Broad View of Regional Science. A Broad View of Regional Science 235 258 .
Carena J. van Riper, Lorraine Foelske, Saachi D. Kuwayama, Rose Keller & Dana Johnson. (2020) Understanding the role of local knowledge in the spatial dynamics of social values expressed by stakeholders. Applied Geography 123, pages 102279.
Crossref
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir, C. Michael Hall & Margrét Wendt. (2020) Overtourism in Iceland: Fantasy or Reality?. Sustainability 12:18, pages 7375.
Crossref
Aijing Liu & Emily Ma. (2019) Travel during holidays in China: Crowding's impacts on tourists' positive and negative affect and satisfactions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 41, pages 60-68.
Crossref
Lorraine Stamberger, Carena J. van Riper, Rose Keller, Matthew Brownlee & Jeff Rose. (2018) A GPS tracking study of recreationists in an Alaskan protected area. Applied Geography 93, pages 92-102.
Crossref
Ana María Luque-Gil, María Luisa Gómez-Moreno & María Angeles Peláez-Fernández. (2018) Starting to enjoy nature in Mediterranean mountains: Crowding perception and satisfaction. Tourism Management Perspectives 25, pages 93-103.
Crossref
Anita Zehrer & Frieda Raich. (2016) The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 29, pages 88-98.
Crossref
Jarkko Saarinen. 2014. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism 500 512 .
David Pettebone, Bret Meldrum, Colin Leslie, Steven R. Lawson, Peter Newman, Nathan Reigner & Adam Gibson. (2013) A visitor use monitoring approach on the Half Dome cables to reduce crowding and inform park planning decisions in Yosemite National Park. Landscape and Urban Planning 118, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Mark D. Needham. (2013) Encounters, Norms, and Crowding at Six Coastal and Marine Areas in Hawai'i. Tourism in Marine Environments 9:1, pages 19-34.
Crossref
Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir. (2013) Managing popularity: Changes in tourist attitudes in a wilderness destination. Tourism Management Perspectives 7, pages 47-58.
Crossref
Bart Neuts & Peter Nijkamp. (2012) Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities. Annals of Tourism Research 39:4, pages 2133-2153.
Crossref
Bart Neuts, Peter Nijkamp & Eveline Van Leeuwen. (2012) Crowding Externalities from Tourist Use of Urban Space. Tourism Economics 18:3, pages 649-670.
Crossref
Deborah L. Kerstetter & Kelly S. Bricker. 2012. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research 445 462 .
Florian Boller, Marcel Hunziker, Marco Conedera, Hans Elsasser & Patrik Krebs. (2010) Fascinating Remoteness: The Dilemma of Hiking Tourism Development in Peripheral Mountain Areas. Mountain Research and Development 30:4, pages 320.
Crossref
David N. ColeTroy E. Hall. (2010) Privacy Functions and Wilderness Recreation: Use Density and Length of Stay Effects on Experience. Ecopsychology 2:2, pages 67-75.
Crossref
박수용, Lee, Chang-Won & Lee,Sang-Hwan. (2008) The Relation among Antecedent Variables of Crowding, Store Crowding, and Shopping Emotions. Journal of Product Research 26:2, pages 15-30.
Crossref
Mark D. Needham, Rick B. Rollins & Colin J.B. Wood. (2004) Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas. International Journal of Tourism Research 6:6, pages 421-437.
Crossref
Christopher R. Long & James R. Averill. (2003) Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 33:1, pages 21-44.
Crossref
Akihiro KOBAYASI & Tetsuya AIKOH. (2001) Perceived Crowding, Acceptable Limits of Encounters, Coping Behavior at Kamuiwakka in Shiretoko National Parkカムイワッカの利用状況と, そこで利用者が示した混雑感や許容限界, 対処行動. Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 64:5, pages 723-728.
Crossref
David Ormiston, Alphonse Gilbert & Robert E. Manning. (2016) Indicators and Standards of Quality for Ski Resort Management. Journal of Travel Research 36:3, pages 35-41.
Crossref
Jerry J. Vaske, Maureen P. Donnelly & Bo Shelby. (1993) Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Environmental Management 17:5, pages 629-643.
Crossref
A.D. Kliskey & G.W. Kearsley. (1993) Mapping multiple perceptions of wilderness in southern New Zealand. Applied Geography 13:3, pages 203-223.
Crossref
G. W. Kearsley. (1993) Tourism and resource development conflicts on the Kawarau and Shotover Rivers, Otago, New Zealand. GeoJournal 29:3, pages 263-270.
Crossref
Bart Neuts & Peter Nijkamp. (2011) Crowding Perception in a Tourist City: A Question of Preference. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.