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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 10, 1988 - Issue 3
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Review

Leisure constraintsFootnote∗: A survey of past research

Edgar L. Jackson Department of Geography, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada
Pages 203-215 | Received 01 Aug 1987, Accepted 25 Jan 1988, Published online: 13 Jul 2009

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Monika Popp, Jürgen Schmude, Marlena Passauer, Marion Karl & Alexander Bauer. (2024) Why Don’t They Travel? The Role of Constraints and Motivation for Non-Participation in Tourism. Leisure Sciences 46:3, pages 211-236.
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Anthony D. Pizzo, Sangwon Na, Doohan Kim, Kostas Alexandris & Moonsup Hyun. (2023) Esports gender diversity: A leisure constraints perspective. Journal of Leisure Research 54:5, pages 602-623.
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Heather E. Prince & Erin Annison. (2023) The impact of menstruation on participation in adventurous activities. Sport, Education and Society 28:7, pages 811-823.
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Tracy S. Herrmann, Joanna E. Bettmann, Caroline Sweeney, William R. Marchand, Jennifer Carlson & Adam W. Hanley. (2023) Military veterans’ motivation and barriers to outdoor recreation participation. Leisure Studies 42:4, pages 581-598.
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Noopur Saxena, Aanchal Aggarwal, Nupur Arora & Parul Manchanda. (2023) Investigating senior travel behaviour through motivation opportunities ability approach: conspicuous consumption and technology self-efficacy as moderators. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 28:7, pages 682-700.
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Pi-Shen Ku, Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur & Chang-Hua Yen. (2022) Body Image, Beliefs About Appearance, and Leisure Constraints Among Taiwanese Female Adolescents: Does Leisure Self-Efficacy Matter?. Leisure Sciences 44:8, pages 1060-1081.
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Kunduz Sidik & Garry Chick. (2022) Predicting leisure satisfaction among the Han and Uyghur in Xinjiang, China. World Leisure Journal 64:4, pages 416-431.
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Angie L. Sardina, Shyuan Ching Tan, Jillian Perry & Alyssa A. Gamaldo. (2022) A Preliminary Study of the Correlates of Leisure Interests and Constraints Among Adults Residing in Public Housing. Journal of Aging and Environment 36:2, pages 113-135.
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Hwayong Son & Liza Berdychevsky. (2022) COVID-19’s Impacts on Community-Based Sport and Recreation Programs: The Voices of Socially-Vulnerable Youth and Practitioners. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-22.
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Yifan Xu, Honglei Zhang, Yuan Tian, Xinying Xia, Xue Chen, Yang Yang & Jie Zhang. (2022) When technology meets heritage: a moderated mediation of immersive technology on the constraint-satisfaction relationship. Current Issues in Tourism 25:4, pages 632-649.
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Pearl M.C Lin, Kang-Lin Peng & Wai-Ching Au. (2022) To return or not to return? Identifying VFR travel constraints during the pandemic. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 39:1, pages 18-30.
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Rei Yamashita & Kirstin Hallmann. (2021) Interdependencies of structural constraints, attachment and behavioural intentions of sport spectators. Managing Sport and Leisure 26:4, pages 287-300.
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Mireia Brugulat & Lluís Coromina. (2021) Constraints of solo female backpackers in Southeast Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 26:6, pages 640-653.
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Wangoo Lee, Lip Shin & Chul Jeong. (2020) Leisure constraints and negotiation strategies of South Korean university students living in single-person households: a grounded theory exploration. World Leisure Journal 62:4, pages 357-377.
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Kevin Filo, David Fechner & Yuhei Inoue. (2020) Charity sport event participants and fundraising: An examination of constraints and negotiation strategies. Sport Management Review 23:3, pages 387-400.
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Malek M. Jamaliah, Mohammad M. Alazaizeh, Nidal Alzboun & Yahya A. Alzghoul. (2019) Protected area tourism in Jordan: an exploratory study. Tourism Recreation Research 44:1, pages 41-53.
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Junhyoung Kim, Young Ik Suh & Jaehyun Kim. (2019) Identifying leisure constraints associated with acculturation among older Korean immigrants. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 14:1.
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Mao-Ying Wu & Philip L. Pearce. (2018) Gap time and Chinese tourists: Exploring constraints. Current Issues in Tourism 21:10, pages 1171-1186.
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Rongcan Yang & Vincent Wing Sun Tung. (2018) How does family influence the travel constraints of solo travelers? Construct specification and scale development. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 35:4, pages 507-516.
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Yajun Qiu, Yeqiang Lin & Andrew J. Mowen. (2018) Constraints to Chinese women’s leisure-time physical activity across different stages of participation. World Leisure Journal 60:1, pages 29-44.
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Kiboum Kim, Junhyoung Kim, Alison Voight & Minjoon Ji. (2018) Listening to the screaming whisper: a voice of mother caregivers of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 13:1.
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Pearl M. C. Lin, Hanqin Qiu Zhang, Qiushi Gu & Kang-Lin Peng. (2017) To go or not to go: travel constraints and attractiveness of travel affecting outbound Chinese tourists to Japan. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34:9, pages 1184-1197.
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Bradley MacCosham. (2017) Negotiating leisure constraints: the case of an amateur musician with epilepsy. Leisure Studies 36:6, pages 825-837.
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Issahaku Adam, Kwaku Adutwum Boakye & Akwasi Kumi-Kyereme. (2017) Are we our own enemies? Leisure constraints of physically and visually disabled people in Ghana. World Leisure Journal 59:4, pages 272-293.
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Michael R. Quartuch, Richard C. Stedman, Daniel J. Decker, Lincoln R. Larson, William F. Siemer & Meghan S. Baumer. (2017) Exploring Nontraditional Pathways Into Hunting in New York State: Implications for Recruitment and Retention. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 22:5, pages 391-405.
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James Smith & Stephanie Smith. (2017) The Constraint-Effects-Mitigation Involvement Loyalty Model: An Integrative Review. Leisure Sciences 39:3, pages 244-260.
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Seong Ok Lyu & Hoon Lee. (2016) Latent Demand for Recreation Participation and Leisure Constraints Negotiation Process. Journal of Leisure Research 48:5, pages 431-449.
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Garry Chick, Yi-Chung Hsu, Chih-Kuei Yeh, Chi-Ming Hsieh, So Young Bae & Svitlana Iarmolenko. (2016) Cultural Consonance in Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Urban Taiwan. Leisure Sciences 38:5, pages 402-423.
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Jinok Susanna Kim & Sang-Hyeon Park. (2016) A Study of the Negotiation Factors for Korean Tourists Visiting Japan Since the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Using Q-methodology. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 33:5, pages 770-782.
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Matthew Lamont, Millicent Kennelly & Brent D. Moyle. (2015) Toward Conceptual Advancement of Costs and Perseverance within the Serious Leisure Perspective. Journal of Leisure Research 47:5, pages 647-654.
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Karen J. Williams & Duncan W. Murray. (2015) Negotiating the normative: the other normal for mothers of disabled children. Journal of Family Studies 21:3, pages 324-340.
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Garry Chick, Yi-Chung Hsu, Chi-Kuei Yeh & Chi-Ming Hsieh. (2015) Leisure Constraints, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health in Six Cities in Taiwan. Leisure Sciences 37:3, pages 232-251.
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Hengyun Li, Ziqiong Zhang & Carey Goh. (2015) Analyzing Non-Participation in Domestic Tourism: a Combined Framework. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 32:4, pages 454-473.
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Popi Sotiriadou & Pamela Wicker. (2014) Examining the participation patterns of an ageing population with disabilities in Australia. Sport Management Review 17:1, pages 35-48.
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Dino Zanon, Chris Doucouliagos, John Hall & Leonie Lockstone-Binney. (2013) Constraints to Park Visitation: A Meta-Analysis of North American Studies. Leisure Sciences 35:5, pages 475-493.
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Millicent Kennelly, Brent Moyle & Matthew Lamont. (2013) Constraint Negotiation in Serious Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 45:4, pages 466-484.
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Po-Ju Chen, Nan Hua & Youcheng Wang. (2013) Mediating Perceived Travel Constraints: The Role of Destination Image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 30:3, pages 201-221.
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Simon Hudson, GordonJ. Walker, Bonnie Simpson & Tom Hinch. (2013) The Influence of Ethnicity and Self-Construal on Leisure Constraints. Leisure Sciences 35:2, pages 145-166.
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Lily Shui-Lien Chen. (2013) Consumer-based leisure constraint for online gaming. The Service Industries Journal 33:1, pages 115-132.
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Erwei Dong & Garry Chick. (2012) Leisure Constraints in Six Chinese Cities. Leisure Sciences 34:5, pages 417-435.
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Laura Sophia Fendt & Erica Wilson. (2012) ‘I just push through the barriers because I live for surfing’: how women negotiate their constraints to surf tourism. Annals of Leisure Research 15:1, pages 4-18.
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Byunggook Kim, Jinmoo Heo, Sanghee Chun & Youngkhill Lee. (2011) Construction and initial validation of the leisure facilitator scale. Leisure/Loisir 35:4, pages 391-405.
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Jessika Svensson, Ulla Romild, Mikael Nordenmark & Anna Månsdotter. (2011) Gendered gambling domains and changes in Sweden. International Gambling Studies 11:2, pages 193-211.
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Simon Hudson, Tom Hinch, Gordon Walker & Bonnie Simpson. (2010) Constraints to Sport Tourism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Journal of Sport & Tourism 15:1, pages 71-88.
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Philipp Freudenberg & Robert Arlinghaus. (2009) Benefits and Constraints of Outdoor Recreation for People with Physical Disabilities: Inferences from Recreational Fishing. Leisure Sciences 32:1, pages 55-71.
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Sun‐Young Park & JamesF. Petrick. (2009) CONCEPTUALIZING INTENTION TO TAKE A VACATION FORM TO UNDERSTAND NONCUSTOMERS. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 26:3, pages 264-283.
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Laura Lawton & Margaret Daniels. (2009) Resident Non-Visitation to a National Museum Site: The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Visitor Studies 12:1, pages 16-29.
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DaveD. White. (2008) A Structural Model of Leisure Constraints Negotiation in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 30:4, pages 342-359.
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Carol J. Auster. (2008) The Effect of Cohort on Women's Sport Participation: An Intergenerational Study of Collegiate Women Ice Hockey Players. Journal of Leisure Research 40:2, pages 312-337.
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Yael Netz, Aviva Zeev, Michal Arnon & Gershon Tenenbaum. (2008) Reasons attributed to omitting exercising: A population‐based study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6:1, pages 9-23.
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Elizabeth M. Orsega-Smith, Laura L. Payne, Andrew J. Mowen, Ching-Hua Ho & Geoffrey C. Godbey. (2007) The Role of Social Support and Self-Efficacy in Shaping the Leisure Time Physical Activity of Older Adults. Journal of Leisure Research 39:4, pages 705-727.
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Nathaniel Bavinton. (2007) From Obstacle to Opportunity: Parkour, leisure, and the reinterpretation of constraints. Annals of Leisure Research 10:3-4, pages 391-412.
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Angela Loucks-Atkinson & RogerC. Mannell. (2007) Role of Self-Efficacy in the Constraints Negotiation Process: The Case of Individuals with Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Leisure Sciences 29:1, pages 19-36.
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Toni Liechty, PattiA. Freeman & RamonB. Zabriskie. (2006) Body Image and Beliefs About Appearance: Constraints on the Leisure of College-Age and Middle-Age Women. Leisure Sciences 28:4, pages 311-330.
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Peter Fredman & ThomasA. Heberlein. (2005) Visits to the Swedish Mountains: Constraints and Motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5:3, pages 177-192.
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KarlaA. Henderson & M. Deborah Bialeschki. (2005) Leisure and Active Lifestyles: Research Reflections. Leisure Sciences 27:5, pages 355-365.
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StephenG. Sutton & RobertB. Ditton. (2005) The Substitutability of One Type of Fishing for Another. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:2, pages 536-546.
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Cengiz Demir. (2005) Perceived significance of factors influencing leisure participation by gender: Implications from Turkey. Leisure/Loisir 29:1, pages 121-136.
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JERRYJ. VASKE, NICOLER. TIMMONS, JAY BEAMAN & JORDAN PETCHENIK. (2004) Chronic Wasting Disease in Wisconsin: Hunter Behavior, Perceived Risk, and Agency Trust. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9:3, pages 193-209.
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ROBERTB. DITTON & STEPHENG. SUTTON. (2004) Substitutability in Recreational Fishing. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9:2, pages 87-102.
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KIMBERLYJ. SHINEW, MYRONF. FLOYD & DIANA PARRY. (2004) Understanding the Relationship between Race and Leisure Activities and Constraints: Exploring an Alternative Framework. Leisure Sciences 26:2, pages 181-199.
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Neil Ravenscroft & Nigel Curry. (2004) Constraints to Participation in Countryside Recreation in England. Annals of Leisure Research 7:3-4, pages 172-187.
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Craig Miller & Jerry Vaske. (2003) Individual and Situational Influences on Declining Hunter Effort in Illinois. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 8:4, pages 263-276.
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Kwame Ampofo-Boateng, Mustafa Yen & Vincent Barnabas. (2003) The Influence of Demographic Variables on Factors that Constrain Recreational Sport Participation in Malaysia. Annals of Leisure Research 6:4, pages 362-375.
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Sooyoung Sul Tcha & Francis Lobo. (2003) Analysis of constraints to sport and leisure participation—the case of Korean immigrants in Western Australia. World Leisure Journal 45:3, pages 13-23.
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Debra Shogan. (2002) Characterizing constraints of leisure: a Foucaultian analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Studies 21:1, pages 27-38.
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Brett A. Wright, Ellen B. Drogin Rodgers & Kenneth F. Backman. (2001) Assessing the Temporal Stability of Hunting Participation and the Structure and Intensity of Constraints: A Panel Study. Journal of Leisure Research 33:4, pages 450-469.
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Carol J. Auster. (2001) Transcending Potential Antecedent Leisure Constraints: The Case of Women Motorcycle Operators. Journal of Leisure Research 33:3, pages 272-298.
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AnthonyJ. Fedler & RobertB. Ditton. (2001) Dropping Out and Dropping In: A Study of Factors for Changing Recreational Fishing Participation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21:2, pages 283-292.
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James F. Petrick, Sheila J. Backman, Robert Bixler & William C. Norman. (2001) Analysis of Golfer Motivations and Constraints by Experience Use History. Journal of Leisure Research 33:1, pages 56-70.
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KarlaA. Henderson & BarbaraE. Ainsworth. (2000) Enablers and Constraints to Walking for Older African American and American Indian Women: The Cultural Activity Participation Study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 71:4, pages 313-321.
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Yun-Fang Wang, Kathleen L. Andereck & Christine A. Vogt. (2000) Constraints to College Students' Participation in Educational Travel. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education 15:1, pages 63-78.
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Simon Hudson & David Gilbert. (2000) Tourism Constraints: The Neglected Dimension in Consumer Behaviour Research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 8:4, pages 69-78.
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Edgar L. Jackson. (2000) Will Research on Leisure Constraints Still Be Relevant in the Twenty-first Century?. Journal of Leisure Research 32:1, pages 62-68.
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Edgar L. Jackson. (1997) In the Eye of the Beholder:1 A Comment on Samdahl & Jekubovich (1997), “A Critique of Leisure Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings”. Journal of Leisure Research 29:4, pages 458-468.
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Karla A. Henderson. (1997) A Critique of Constraints Theory: A Response. Journal of Leisure Research 29:4, pages 453-457.
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Diane M. Samdahl & Nancy J. Jekubovich. (1997) A Critique of Leisure Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings. Journal of Leisure Research 29:4, pages 430-452.
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ThomasD. Raedeke & Damon Burton. (1997) Personal investment perspective on leisure‐time physical activity participation: Role of incentives, program compatibility, and constraints. Leisure Sciences 19:3, pages 209-228.
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Niaz Ahmed Khan. (1997) Leisure and Recreation among Women of Selected Hill-Farming Families in Bangladesh. Journal of Leisure Research 29:1, pages 5-20.
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BenedictG. C. Dellaert, AloysW. J. Borgers & HarryJ. P. Timmermans. (1997) Conjoint models of tourist portfolio choice: Theory and illustration. Leisure Sciences 19:1, pages 31-58.
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Konstantinos Alexandris & Bob Carroll. (1997) An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Sciences 19:1, pages 1-15.
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SusanC. Barro & MichaelJ. Manfredo. (1996) Constraints, psychological investment, and hunting participation: Development and testing of a model. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 1:3, pages 42-61.
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Fiona McQuarrie & EdgarL. Jackson. (1996) Connections Between Negotiation of Leisure Constraints and Serious Leisure: An Exploratory Study of Adult Amateur Ice Skaters. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 19:2, pages 459-483.
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Sjerp de Vries & AukeH. de Bruin. (1996) Between Real Constraints and Leisure Participation. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 19:1, pages 119-150.
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Garry Chick & RobertD. Hood. (1996) Working and recreating with machines: Outdoor recreation choices among machine‐tool workers in western Pennsylvania. Leisure Sciences 18:4, pages 333-354.
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Diana McMeeking & Bandana Purkayastha. (1995) “I Can't Have My Mom Running Me Everywhere”: Adolescents, Leisure, and Accessibility. Journal of Leisure Research 27:4, pages 360-378.
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Nurit Weinblatt & Liora Navon. (1995) Flight from leisure: A neglected phenomenon in leisure studies. Leisure Sciences 17:4, pages 309-325.
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C. Jody Frederick & SusanM. Shaw. (1995) Body image as a leisure constraint: Examining the experience of aerobic exercise classes for young women. Leisure Sciences 17:2, pages 57-73.
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EdgarL. Jackson & KarlaA. Henderson. (1995) Gender‐based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences 17:1, pages 31-51.
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Maureen Harrington & Don Dawson. (1995) Who Has It Best? Women's Labor Force Participation, Perceptions of Leisure and Constraints to Enjoyment of Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 27:1, pages 4-24.
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Leslie A. Raymore, Geoffrey C. Godbey & Duane W. Crawford. (1994) Self-Esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure Among Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research 26:2, pages 99-118.
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C. Jody Frederick, MarkE. Havitz & SusanM. Shaw. (1994) Social comparison in aerobic exercise classes propositions for analyzing motives and participation. Leisure Sciences 16:3, pages 161-176.
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Mary E. Cawley & Brenda M. Gallagher. (1994) Countryside Recreational Activity Patterns: Evidence from Connemara National Park. Irish Geography 27:1, pages 48-60.
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John Dattilo, Anne M. Dattilo, Diane M. Samdahl & Douglas A. Kleiber. (1994) Leisure Orientations and Self-Esteem in Women with Low Incomes Who are Overweight. Journal of Leisure Research 26:1, pages 23-38.
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Susan M. Shaw. (1994) Gender, Leisure, and Constraint: Towards a Framework for the Analysis of Women's Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 26:1, pages 8-22.
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Karla A. Henderson. (1994) Broadening an Understanding of Women, Gender, and Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 26:1, pages 1-7.
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David B. Klenosky, Charles E. Gengler & Michael S. Mulvey. (1993) Understanding the Factors Influencing Ski Destination Choice: A Means-End Analytic Approach. Journal of Leisure Research 25:4, pages 362-379.
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Edgar L. Jackson. (1993) Recognizing Patterns of Leisure Constraints: Results from Alternative Analyses. Journal of Leisure Research 25:2, pages 129-149.
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KarlaA. Henderson & M. Deborah Bialeschki. (1993) Negotiating Constraints to Women's Physical Recreation. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 16:2, pages 389-411.
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EdgarL. Jackson & VictoriaC. Rucks. (1993) Reasons for ceasing participation and barriers to participation: Further examination of constrained leisure as an internally homogeneous concept. Leisure Sciences 15:3, pages 217-230.
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Leslie Raymore, Geoffrey Godbey, Duane Crawford & Alexander von Eye. (1993) Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure Sciences 15:2, pages 99-113.
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EdgarL. Jackson, DuaneW. Crawford & Geoffrey Godbey. (1993) Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences 15:1, pages 1-11.
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Maureen Harrington, Don Dawson & Pat Bolla. (1992) Objective and Subjective Constraints on Women's Enjoyment of Leisure. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 15:1, pages 203-221.
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JohnW. Lounsbury & JeffreyR. Polik. (1992) Leisure needs and vacation satisfaction. Leisure Sciences 14:2, pages 105-119.
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StephenT. Evans & JohnT. Haworth. (1991) Variations in personal activity, access to ‘categories of experience’, and psychological well-being in young adults. Leisure Studies 10:3, pages 249-264.
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Karla A. Henderson. (1991) The Contribution of Feminism to an Understanding of Leisure Constraints. Journal of Leisure Research 23:4, pages 363-377.
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Brett A. Wright & Thomas L. Goodale. (1991) Beyond Non-Participation: Validation of Interest and Frequency of Participation Categories in Constraints Research. Journal of Leisure Research 23:4, pages 314-331.
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Tess Kay & Guy Jackson. (1991) Leisure Despite Constraint: The Impact of Leisure Constraints on Leisure Participation. Journal of Leisure Research 23:4, pages 301-313.
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Susan M. Shaw, Arend Bonen & John F. McCabe. (1991) Do More Constraints Mean Less Leisure? Examining the Relationship between Constraints and Participation. Journal of Leisure Research 23:4, pages 286-300.
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Edgar L. Jackson. (1991) Leisure Constraints/Constrained Leisure: Special Issue Introduction. Journal of Leisure Research 23:4, pages 279-285.
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KarlaA. Henderson & M. Deborah Bialeschki. (1991) Girls' and Women's Recreation Programming—Constraints and Opportunities. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 62:1, pages 55-58.
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KarlaA. Henderson & KatherineR. Allen. (1991) The Ethic of Care: Leisure Possibilities and Constraints for Women. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 14:1, pages 97-113.
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RogerC. Mannell & Jiri Zuzanek. (1991) The nature and variability of leisure constraints in daily life: The case of the physically active leisure of older adults. Leisure Sciences 13:4, pages 337-351.
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David Scott. (1991) The problematic nature of participation in contract bridge: A qualitative study of group‐related constraints. Leisure Sciences 13:4, pages 321-336.
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DuaneW. Crawford, EdgarL. Jackson & Geoffrey Godbey. (1991) A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences 13:4, pages 309-320.
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GarryE. Chick, JohnM. Roberts & A. Kimball Romney. (1991) Conflict and quitting in the monday nite pool league. Leisure Sciences 13:4, pages 295-308.
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EdgarL. Jackson. (1991) Special issue introduction: Leisure constraints/constrained leisure. Leisure Sciences 13:4, pages 273-278.
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EdgarL. Jackson & Elaine Dunn. (1991) Is constrained leisure an internally homogeneous concept?. Leisure Sciences 13:3, pages 167-184.
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Sheila J. Backman & John L. Crompton. (1990) Differentiating Between Active and Passive Discontinuers of Two Leisure Activities. Journal of Leisure Research 22:3, pages 197-212.
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Edgar L. Jackson. (1990) Variations in the Desire to Begin a Leisure Activity: Evidence of Antecedent Constraints?. Journal of Leisure Research 22:1, pages 55-70.
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ThomasL. Burton & EdgarL. Jackson. (1989) Leisure research and the social sciences: an exploratory study of active researchers. Leisure Studies 8:3, pages 263-280.
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Francis A. McGuire, Joseph T. O'Leary, Chih-Kuei Yeh & F. Dominic Dottavio. (1989) Integrating Ceasing Participation With Other Aspects of Leisure Behavior: A Replication and Extension. Journal of Leisure Research 21:4, pages 316-326.
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Youngkhill Lee & KathleenJ. Halberg. (1989) An exploratory study of college students' perceptions of freedom in leisure and shyness. Leisure Sciences 11:3, pages 217-227.
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Garry Chick & JohnM. Roberts. (1989) Leisure and antileisure in game play. Leisure Sciences 11:2, pages 73-84.
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