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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 14, 1992 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle‐based campers

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Pages 3-15 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (139)

Jen Smart, Pascal Scherrer & Isabelle D. Wolf. (2024) Risk perception and preparedness of backcountry visitors in Australia’s Snowy Mountains. Tourism Recreation Research 49:2, pages 373-392.
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Xingxing Wu, Logan Schuetz, Milae Lee, Laura L. Payne & Kimberly J. Shinew. (2023) “We do revolve our lives around it” – The meaning and significance of being a collegiate women’s basketball fan among older women. Journal of Leisure Research 54:4, pages 493-511.
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Jaehyun Kim, Yujin Lee, Namyun Kil, Nicholas A. Pitas & Sunhwan Hwang. (2023) Exploring the Relationships Across Recreation Specialization, Leisure Satisfaction, and Happiness: The Case of Korean Hikers. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-19.
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Haibo Tian, Yajun Qiu, Yeqiang Lin & Wenting Zhou. (2023) Personality and Subjective Well-Being among Elder Adults: Examining the Mediating Role of Cycling Specialization. Leisure Sciences 45:2, pages 117-134.
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Qun Li, Xi Li, Wei Chen, Xinwei Su & Runzhe Yu. (2023) Involvement, place attachment, and environmentally responsible behaviour connected with geographical indication products. Tourism Geographies 25:1, pages 44-71.
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William E. Smith, Gerard T. Kyle & Steven Sutton. (2023) Using a styles of participation self-classification measure to characterize highly specialized anglers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 28:1, pages 36-52.
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Steven E. Mock, Katie Misener & Mark E. Havitz. (2022) A League of Their Own? A Longitudinal Study of Ego Involvement and Participation Behaviors in LGBT-Focused Community Sport. Leisure Sciences 44:6, pages 750-767.
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Hyungsuk Choo, James F. Petrick & Duk-Byeong Park. (2022) Predictive validity of unidimensional and multidimensional measures of involvement in the tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism 25:13, pages 2143-2158.
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Fang Wang, Shanhui Huang, Alastair M. Morrison & Bihu Wu. (2022) The effects of virtual reality tourism involvement on place attachment and behavioral intentions: virtual reality tourism of the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 27:3, pages 274-289.
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Hilde Nikoline Hambro Dybsand & Stian Stensland. (2022) Centrality to life and the theory of planned behavior: the case of musk ox safaris in Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Norway. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 27:1, pages 32-50.
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Shang-Ming Ma, Shang-Chun Ma & Sheng-Fong Chen. (2022) The influence of triathletes’ serious leisure traits on sport constraints, involvement, and participation. Leisure Studies 41:1, pages 100-114.
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Juliana Matte, Ana Cristina Fachinelli, Deonir De Toni, Gabriel Sperandio Milan & Pelayo Munhoz Olea. (2021) Relationship between Leisure Involvement, Voluntary Simplicity, Leisure Satisfaction, and Experiential Consumption. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-20.
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H. W. Harshaw, Nicholas W. Cole, Ashley A. Dayer, Jonathan D. Rutter, David C. Fulton, Andrew H. Raedeke, Rudy M. Schuster & Jennifer N. Duberstein. (2021) Testing a continuous measure of recreation specialization among birdwatchers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 26:5, pages 472-480.
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Kolsoum Heidari, Sedighe Heydarinejad, Marjan Saffari & Amin Khatibi. (2021) Investigating the leisure behavior of Iranians: the structural model of serious leisure, recreation specialization and place attachment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 13:1, pages 77-93.
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Elide Di-Clemente, José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón & Ana María Campón-Cerro. (2020) Tourists’ involvement and memorable food-based experiences as new determinants of behavioural intentions towards typical products. Current Issues in Tourism 23:18, pages 2319-2332.
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Nurit Kliot & Noga Collins-Kreiner. (2020) Social world, hiking and nation: the Israel National Trail. Social & Cultural Geography 21:6, pages 810-838.
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Seda Derinalp Çanakçı & Kemal Birdir. (2020) The relation among food involvement, food variety seeking and food neophobia: A study on foreign tourists visiting Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism 23:8, pages 917-928.
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Xi Li, Xinwei Su, Xiaoping Hu & Limei Yao. (2019) App users’ emotional reactions and festival satisfaction: the mediating role of situational involvement. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 36:9, pages 980-997.
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Austin Wade Wilson, Mark E. Havitz, Steven E. Mock & Luke R. Potwarka. (2019) A retrospective analysis of the influence of ego involvement on adult running participation and preferences among post-university varsity cross-country athletes. Leisure/Loisir 43:4, pages 523-541.
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Dwi Suhartanto, David Dean, Nurzuwana Sumarjan, Olivia Sri Kartika & Lina Setiawati. (2019) Leisure Involvement, Job Satisfaction, and Service Performance among Frontline Restaurant Employees. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 20:4, pages 387-404.
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Erose Sthapit, Metin Kozak & Dafnis Coudounaris. (2019) What am I going to do now? Examining choice overload in vacation activities using the familiarity concept. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 19:3, pages 232-258.
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Chi-Ok Oh & Stephen G. Sutton. (2019) Comparing the Developmental Process of Consumptive Orientation Across Different Population Groups. Leisure Sciences 41:3, pages 167-185.
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MiRan Kim, Ronald F. Cichy, Lu Zhang & JungHee Yu. (2019) Antecedents of social capital and its impact on satisfaction and Loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 28:2, pages 263-284.
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Justin Harmon & Kyle Woosnam. (2018) Extending the leisure substitutability concept. Annals of Leisure Research 21:4, pages 424-439.
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Erose Sthapit & Dafnis N. Coudounaris. (2018) Memorable tourism experiences: antecedents and outcomes. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 18:1, pages 72-94.
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James Smith & Stephanie Smith. (2017) The Constraint-Effects-Mitigation Involvement Loyalty Model: An Integrative Review. Leisure Sciences 39:3, pages 244-260.
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Michael E. Naylor & Mark Havitz. (2017) Enduring and situational involvement among hockey enthusiasts. Leisure/Loisir 41:2, pages 165-183.
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Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur, Chung-Ching Huang & Tsung Hung Lee. (2017) A multidimensional scale of activity attachment for leisure tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22:2, pages 200-212.
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Gyehee Lee, Tae-II Pae & Lawrence J. Bendle. (2016) The Role of Identity Salience in the Leisure Behavior of Film Festival Participants. Journal of Leisure Research 48:2, pages 156-177.
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Tien-Ming Cheng, Sheng-Hsiu Hung & Mei-Tsun Chen. (2016) The Influence of Leisure Involvement on Flow Experience During Hiking Activity: Using Psychological Commitment as a Mediate Variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 21:1, pages 1-19.
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Tien-Ming Cheng & Chiang-Chuan Lu. (2015) The Causal Relationships among Recreational Involvement, Flow Experience, and Well-being for Surfing Activities. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 20:sup1, pages 1486-1504.
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Jinhee Jun, Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe & Robert Manning. (2015) An Identity-Based Conceptualization of Recreation Specialization. Journal of Leisure Research 47:4, pages 425-443.
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Laura Wood & Karen Danylchuk. (2015) The impact of constraints and negotiation strategies on involvement in intramural sport. Managing Sport and Leisure 20:3, pages 157-173.
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Cheng-Shih Lin & Hsuan-Yi Chou. (2015) Dimensions and Effects of Consumers' Travel–Transportation Involvement: The Case of the Mini Three Links. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 20:1, pages 51-75.
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Seohee Chang, Heather Gibson & Lisa Sisson. (2014) The loyalty process of residents and tourists in the festival context. Current Issues in Tourism 17:9, pages 783-799.
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Seong Ok Lyu & Chi-Ok Oh. (2014) Recreationists’ Constraints Negotiation Process for Continual Leisure Engagement. Leisure Sciences 36:5, pages 479-497.
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Efi Tsitskari, Shayne Quick & Anastasia Tsakiraki. (2014) Measuring Exercise Involvement Among Fitness Centers’ Members: Is It Related With Their Satisfaction?. Services Marketing Quarterly 35:4, pages 372-389.
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Nerilee Hing, Peter Vitartas, Matthew Lamont & Elian Fink. (2014) Adolescent exposure to gambling promotions during televised sport: an exploratory study of links with gambling intentions. International Gambling Studies 14:3, pages 374-393.
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Sunwoo Lee & David Scott. (2013) Empirical Linkages Between Serious Leisure and Recreational Specialization. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 18:6, pages 450-462.
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DavidA. Graefe & ChadP. Dawson. (2013) Rooted in Place: Understanding Camper Substitution Preferences. Leisure Sciences 35:4, pages 365-381.
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Kostas Alexandris, Charilaos Kouthouris, Daniel Funk & Olga Tziouma. (2013) The use of negotiation strategies among recreational participants with different involvement levels: the case of recreational swimmers. Leisure Studies 32:3, pages 299-317.
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Chi-Ok Oh, StephenG. Sutton & MichaelG. Sorice. (2013) Assessing the Role of Recreation Specialization in Fishing Site Substitution. Leisure Sciences 35:3, pages 256-272.
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MarkD. Needham & JerryJ. Vaske. (2013) Activity Substitutability and Degree of Specialization Among Deer and Elk Hunters in Multiple States. Leisure Sciences 35:3, pages 235-255.
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Tsung-Chiung (Emily) Wu, David Scott & Chun-Chieh Yang. (2013) Advanced or Addicted? Exploring the Relationship of Recreation Specialization to Flow Experiences and Online Game Addiction. Leisure Sciences 35:3, pages 203-217.
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Eliza Hixson. (2013) Developing young people's sense of self and place through sport. Annals of Leisure Research 16:1, pages 3-15.
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Wei-Ching Wang, Chung-Chi Wu & Chang-Yang Wu. (2013) Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and Involvement in Outdoor Recreational Activities in Adulthood: A Case Study of Visitors in Da-Keng, Taiwan. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 14:1, pages 66-80.
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MarkE. Havitz, AndrewT. Kaczynski & RogerC. Mannell. (2013) Exploring Relationships Between Physical Activity, Leisure Involvement, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation via Participant Segmentation. Leisure Sciences 35:1, pages 45-62.
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Lynn L. Ridinger, Daniel C. Funk, Jeremy S. Jordan & Kyriaki (Kiki) Kaplanidou. (2012) Marathons for the Masses: Exploring the Role of Negotiation-Efficacy and Involvement on Running Commitment. Journal of Leisure Research 44:2, pages 155-178.
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Nerilee Hing, Helen Breen & Ashley Gordon. (2012) A Case Study of Gambling Involvement and Its Consequences. Leisure Sciences 34:3, pages 217-235.
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Benjamin Hickerson & Andrew J. Mowen. (2012) Behavioral and psychological involvement of online video gamers : Building blocks or building walls to socialization?. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure 35:1, pages 79-103.
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Yozo Kasai & Yin-Chiech Hsu. (2012) Cartoon animation involvement and destination image. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 33:2-3, pages 427-446.
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Chi-Ok Oh, Seong Ok Lyu & William E. Hammitt. (2012) Predictive Linkages between Recreation Specialization and Place Attachment. Journal of Leisure Research 44:1, pages 70-87.
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Heather Gibson & Seohee Chang. (2012) Cycling in Mid and Later Life: Involvement and Benefits Sought from a Bicycle Tour. Journal of Leisure Research 44:1, pages 23-51.
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Kostas Alexandris, Stella Douka & Panagiota Balaska. (2012) Involvement with active leisure participation: does service quality have a role?. Managing Leisure 17:1, pages 54-66.
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Laura Wood & Karen Danylchuk. (2011) Playing Our Way: Contributions of Social Groups to Women's Continued Participation in Golf. Leisure Sciences 33:5, pages 366-381.
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Jackie Dawson, Mark Havitz & Daniel Scott. (2011) Behavioral Adaptation of Alpine Skiers to Climate Change: Examining Activity Involvement and Place Loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 28:4, pages 388-404.
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Jerome Agrusa, Samuel Seongseop Kim & Kuo-Ching Wang. (2011) Mainland Chinese Tourists to Hawaii: Their Characteristics and Preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 28:3, pages 261-278.
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Chi-Ok Oh, MichaelG. Sorice & RobertB. Ditton. (2010) Exploring Progression along the Recreation Specialization Continuum Using a Latent Growth Approach. Leisure Sciences 33:1, pages 15-31.
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AISE KYOUNGJIN KIM, JUSTINE KEUNING, JEREMY ROBERTSON & SONIA KLEINDORFER. (2010) Understanding the Birdwatching Tourism Market in Queensland, Australia. Anatolia 21:2, pages 227-247.
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Alix Slater & Kate Armstrong. (2010) Involvement, Tate, and me. Journal of Marketing Management 26:7-8, pages 727-748.
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Brent W. Ritchie, Aaron Tkaczynski & Pam Faulks. (2010) Understanding the Motivation and Travel Behavior of Cycle Tourists Using Involvement Profiles. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 27:4, pages 409-425.
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Mark D. Needham, Larry J. Sprouse & Kerry E. Grimm. (2009) Testing a Self-Classification Measure of Recreation Specialization Among Anglers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 14:6, pages 448-455.
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Sang Won Park & Dae‐Young Kim. (2009) INFORMATION SEARCH BEHAVIORS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR SPRING BREAK TRIP IN THE USA: AN APPLICATION OF SPECIALIZATION CONCEPT. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 26:7, pages 640-655.
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K. Alexandris, C. Kouthouris, D. Funk & C. Giovani. (2009) Segmenting Winter Sport Tourists by Motivation: The Case of Recreational Skiers. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 18:5, pages 480-499.
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Andrew Adams & John Deane. (2009) Exploring Formal and Informal Dimensions of Sports Volunteering in England. European Sport Management Quarterly 9:2, pages 119-140.
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Soojin Lee & David Scott. (2009) The Process of Celebrity Fan's Constraint Negotiation. Journal of Leisure Research 41:2, pages 137-156.
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Mark Morgan & Jeremy Soucy. (2009) Use of Recreation Specialization to Understand Resource Knowledge of Trout Anglers. Applied Environmental Education & Communication 7:4, pages 155-163.
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MichaelG. Sorice, Chi-Ok Oh & RobertB. Ditton. (2009) Exploring Level of Support for Management Restrictions Using a Self-Classification Measure of Recreation Specialization. Leisure Sciences 31:2, pages 107-123.
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Chi-Ok Oh & Robert B. Ditton. (2008) Using Recreation Specialization to Understand Conservation Support. Journal of Leisure Research 40:4, pages 556-573.
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Samuel Seongseop Kim, Jae Hak Kim & BrentW. Ritchie. (2008) Segmenting Overseas Golf Tourists by the Concept of Specialization. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 25:2, pages 199-217.
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SymeonP. Vlachopoulos, NicholasD. Theodorakis & GerardT. Kyle. (2008) Assessing Exercise Involvement among Participants in Health and Fitness Centres. European Sport Management Quarterly 8:3, pages 289-304.
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K. Alexandris, C. Kouthouris, D. Funk & E. Chatzigianni. (2008) Examining the Relationships Between Leisure Constraints, Involvement and Attitudinal Loyalty among Greek Recreational Skiers. European Sport Management Quarterly 8:3, pages 247-264.
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Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur & Ying-Wen Liang. (2008) Serious Leisure and Recreation Specialization. Leisure Sciences 30:4, pages 325-341.
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Raynald Harvey Lemelin, David Fennell & Bryan Smale. (2008) Polar Bear Viewers as Deep Ecotourists: How Specialised Are They?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16:1, pages 42-62.
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K. Alexandris, S. Douka, S. Bakaloumi & E. Tsasousi. (2008) The influence of spectators' attitudes on sponsorship awareness: a study in three different leisure events. Managing Leisure 13:1, pages 1-12.
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Carroll A. Brown. (2007) The Carolina Shaggers: Dance as Serious Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 39:4, pages 623-647.
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Gerard Kyle, James Absher, William Norman, William Hammitt & Laurie Jodice. (2007) A Modified Involvement Scale. Leisure Studies 26:4, pages 399-427.
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Mark D. Needham, Jerry J. Vaske, Maureen P. Donnelly & Michael J. Manfredo. (2007) Hunting Specialization and its Relationship to Participation in Response to Chronic Wasting Disease. Journal of Leisure Research 39:3, pages 413-437.
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A. CELİL ÇAKICI & SERHAT HARMAN. (2007) Leisure Involvement of Turkish Birdwatchers. Anatolia 18:1, pages 153-160.
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Su-Hsin Lee, AlanR. Graefe & Chieh-Lu Li. (2007) The Effects of Specialization and Gender on Motivations and Preferences for Site Attributes in Paddling. Leisure Sciences 29:4, pages 355-373.
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GrahamP. Brown, MarkE. Havitz & Donald Getz. (2007) Relationship Between Wine Involvement and Wine-Related Travel. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 21:1, pages 31-46.
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Gerard Kyle, William Norman, Laurie Jodice, Alan Graefe & Allan Marsinko. (2007) Segmenting Anglers Using Their Consumptive Orientation Profiles. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12:2, pages 115-132.
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David McGillivray & Matt Frew. (2007) Capturing Adventure: Trading experiences in the symbolic economy. Annals of Leisure Research 10:1, pages 54-78.
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TSUNG HUNG LEE. (2006) Assessing a River Tracing Behavioural Model: a Taiwan Example. Anatolia 17:2, pages 322-328.
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GerardT. Kyle, JamesD. Absher, WilliamE. Hammitt & Jenny Cavin. (2006) An Examination of the Motivation—Involvement Relationship. Leisure Sciences 28:5, pages 467-485.
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Brijesh Thapa, Alan R. Graefe & Louisa A. Meyer. (2006) Specialization and Marine Based Environmental Behaviors Among SCUBA Divers. Journal of Leisure Research 38:4, pages 601-615.
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Walter F. Kuentzel & Thomas A. Heberlein. (2006) From Novice to Expert? A Panel Study of Specialization Progression and Change. Journal of Leisure Research 38:4, pages 496-512.
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Mark Morgan & Jeremy Soucy. (2006) Usage and evaluation of nonformal environmental education services at a state park: are anglers catching more than fish?. Environmental Education Research 12:5, pages 595-608.
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Mark Morgan. (2006) The Social Hierarchy of Fishing: Myth or Reality?. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11:5, pages 317-327.
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Chi-Ok Oh & RobertB. Ditton. (2006) Using Recreation Specialization to Understand Multi-Attribute Management PReferences. Leisure Sciences 28:4, pages 369-384.
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H. W. Harshaw & D. B. Tindall. (2005) Social Structure, Identities, and Values: A Network Approach to Understanding People's Relationships to Forests. Journal of Leisure Research 37:4, pages 426-449.
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Brijesh Thapa, AlanR. Graefe & LouisaA. Meyer. (2005) Moderator and Mediator Effects of Scuba Diving Specialization on Marine-Based Environmental Knowledge-Behavior Contingency. The Journal of Environmental Education 37:1, pages 53-67.
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Gerard T. Kyle & Andrew J. Mowen. (2005) An Examination of the Leisure Involvement—Agency Commitment Relationship. Journal of Leisure Research 37:3, pages 342-363.
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Mark E. Havitz & Roger C. Mannell. (2005) Enduring Involvement, Situational Involvement, and Flow in Leisure and Non-leisure Activities. Journal of Leisure Research 37:2, pages 152-177.
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David Scott, RobertB. Ditton, JohnR. Stoll & Ted Lee Eubanks$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2005) Measuring Specialization among Birders: Utility of a Self-Classification Measure. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 10:1, pages 53-74.
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BONITAL. McFARLANE. (2004) Recreation Specialization and Site Choice Among Vehicle-Based Campers. Leisure Sciences 26:3, pages 309-322.
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JIN-HYUNG LEE & DAVID SCOTT. (2004) Measuring Birding Specialization: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Leisure Sciences 26:3, pages 245-260.
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Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe, Robert Manning & James Bacon. (2004) Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density. Journal of Leisure Research 36:2, pages 209-231.
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GERARD KYLE, KELLY BRICKER, ALAN GRAEFE & THOMAS WICKHAM. (2004) An Examination of Recreationists' Relationships with Activities and Settings. Leisure Sciences 26:2, pages 123-142.
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GERARD KYLE, ALAN GRAEFE, ROBERT MANNING & JAMES BACON. (2004) Predictors of Behavioral Loyalty Among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail. Leisure Sciences 26:1, pages 99-118.
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Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe, Robert Manning & James Bacon. (2003) An Examination of the Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail. Journal of Leisure Research 35:3, pages 249-273.
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Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe & Robert Manning. (2003) Satisfaction derived through leisure involvement and setting attachment. Leisure/Loisir 28:3-4, pages 277-305.
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Gerard Kyle & Garry Chick. (2002) The Social Nature of Leisure Involvement. Journal of Leisure Research 34:4, pages 426-448.
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BjørnP. Kaltenborn & Tore Bjerke. (2002) Associations between Landscape Preferences and Place Attachment: A study in Røros, Southern Norway. Landscape Research 27:4, pages 381-396.
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David Scott & C. Scott Shafer. (2001) Recreational Specialization: A Critical Look at the Construct. Journal of Leisure Research 33:3, pages 319-343.
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Mark E. Havitz & Frédéric Dimanche. (1999) Leisure Involvement Revisited: Drive Properties and Paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research 31:2, pages 122-149.
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David Scott, Stacey Menzel Baker & Chulwon Kim. (1999) Motivations and commitments among participants in the great Texas birding classic. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 4:1, pages 50-67.
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Yoshi Iwasaki & Mark E. Havitz. (1998) A Path Analytic Model of the Relationships between Involvement, Psychological Commitment, and Loyalty. Journal of Leisure Research 30:2, pages 256-280.
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Mark E. Havitz & Frédéric Dimanche. (1997) Leisure Involvement Revisited: Conceptual Conundrums and Measurement Advances. Journal of Leisure Research 29:3, pages 245-278.
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BjørnP. Kaltenborn. (1997) Nature of place attachment: A study among recreation homeowners in Southern Norway. Leisure Sciences 19:3, pages 175-189.
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StevenR. Martin. (1997) Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2:1, pages 1-18.
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Bjørn P. Kaltenborn. (1997) Recreation homes in natural settings: factors affecting place attachment. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 51:4, pages 187-198.
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Claudia Jurowski, Muzaffer Uysal, DanielR. Williams & FrancisP. Nog. (1995) An examination of preferences and evaluations of visitors based on environmental attitudes: Biscayne Bay national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3:2, pages 73-86.
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C. Scott Shafer & WilliamE. Hammitt. (1995) Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent. Leisure Sciences 17:1, pages 15-30.
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David Scott & Geoffrey Godbey. (1994) Recreation Specialization in the Social World of Contract Bridge. Journal of Leisure Research 26:3, pages 275-295.
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Alan Ewert & Steve Hollenhorst. (1994) Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience. Leisure Sciences 16:3, pages 177-191.
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