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Original Articles

Nitrates, nitrites and N‐nitrosocompounds: A review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications

Pages 717-768 | Received 14 Dec 1990, Accepted 19 Mar 1990, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (60)

Nicholas F. McMahon, Paige G. Brooker, Toby G. Pavey & Michael D. Leveritt. (2024) Nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in the global food supply. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 64:9, pages 2673-2694.
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Hyoung S. Lee. (2019) Literature compilation of volatile N-nitrosamines in processed meat and poultry products - an update. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 36:10, pages 1491-1500.
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Hyoung S. Lee. (2018) Exposure estimates of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products by the U.S. population. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35:1, pages 29-39.
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Alain Tremblay, Christine T. Kearney, Chris Hanks, Jennifer Hughes Hanks, David S. White, Marcia E. Pereira, Craig E. Zook, Karen Sargis & Luke Zhang. (2017) Local and systemic effects of a silver nitrate coated indwelling pleural catheter in an animal model of pleurodesis. Experimental Lung Research 43:9-10, pages 388-394.
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Leonardo Merino, Per Ola Darnerud, Fidel Toldrá & Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck. (2016) Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 33:2, pages 186-192.
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Yang Song, Gui-Fang Deng, Xiang-Rong Xu, Yong-Hong Chen, Feng Chen & Hua-Bin Li. (2013) Nitrate and nitrite content in bottled beverages by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 6:1, pages 42-46.
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Yen-Hsiung Liao, Pei-Shih Chen, Hui-Fen Chiu & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2013) Magnesium in Drinking Water Modifies the Association Between Nitrate Ingestion and Risk of Death from Esophageal Cancer. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 76:3, pages 192-200.
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Juan A. Fernández, Adriana Esteban, Encarnación Conesa, Jesús Ochoa & José Álvarez-Rogel. (2012) Nitrate Evolution in Soil, Leaching Water, and Lettuce Plant Crops using Different Fertilization Strategies. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43:19, pages 2467-2483.
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Hui-Fen Chiu, Chao-Hung Kuo, Shang-Shyue Tsai, Chih-Cheng Chen, Deng-Chuang Wu, Trong-Neng Wu & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2012) Effect Modification by Drinking Water Hardness of the Association Between Nitrate Levels and Gastric Cancer: Evidence from an Ecological Study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 75:12, pages 684-693.
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Alenka Hmelak Gorenjak, Urška Rizman Koležnik & Avrelija Cencič. (2012) Nitrate content in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from organic and conventional origin: intake assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 5:2, pages 93-99.
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Hsu-Huei Weng, Shang-Shyue Tsai, Trong-Neng Wu, Fung-Chang Sung & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2011) Nitrates in Drinking Water and the Risk of Death from Childhood Brain Tumors in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74:12, pages 769-778.
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Chi-Kung Ho, Ya-Hui Yang & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2011) Nitrates in Drinking Water and The Risk of Death from Brain Cancer: Does Hardness in Drinking Water Matter?. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74:12, pages 747-756.
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Chih-Ching Chang, Chih-Cheng Chen, Deng-Chuang Wu & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2010) Nitrates in Drinking Water and the Risk of Death from Rectal Cancer: Does Hardness in Drinking Water Matter?. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 73:19, pages 1337-1347.
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Yoon Jung Yang, Se Hee Hwang, HyunJa Kim, Seok-Jin Nam, Gu Kong & Mi Kyung Kim. (2010) Dietary Intake of Nitrate Relative to Antioxidant Vitamin in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study. Nutrition and Cancer 62:5, pages 555-566.
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T. Tamme, M. Reinik, M. Roasto, K. Meremäe & A. Kiis. (2010) Nitrate in leafy vegetables, culinary herbs, and cucumber grown under cover in Estonia: content and intake. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 3:2, pages 108-113.
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Caibian Huang, Zhaohui Wang, Shengxiu Li & Sukhdev Singh Malhi. (2010) NITRATE IN LEAF PETIOLE AND BLADE OF SPINACH CULTIVARS AND ITS RELATION TO BIOMASS AND WATER IN PLANTS. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33:8, pages 1112-1123.
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T. Tamme, M. Reinik, T. Püssa, M. Roasto, K. Meremäe & A. Kiis. (2010) Dynamics of nitrate and nitrite content during storage of home-made and small-scale industrially produced raw vegetable juices and their dietary intake. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 27:4, pages 487-495.
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Chih-Ching Chang, Shang-Shyue Tsai, Trong-Neng Wu & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2009) Nitrates in Municipal Drinking Water and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: An Ecological Cancer Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 73:4, pages 330-338.
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Chun-Yuh Yang, Shang-Shyue Tsai & Hui-Fen Chiu. (2009) Nitrate in Drinking Water and Risk of Death From Pancreatic Cancer in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72:6, pages 397-401.
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Amir H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, Forough Aghili & Azadeh Sanaeiostovar. (2009) Daily intake of heavy metals and nitrate through greenhouse cucumber and bell pepper consumption and potential health risks for human. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60:sup1, pages 199-208.
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Tomoyasu TOYOIZUMI, Yuya DEGUCHI, Shuichi MASUDA & Naohide KINAE. (2008) Genotoxicity and Estrogenic Activity of 3,3′-Dinitrobisphenol A in Goldfish. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72:8, pages 2118-2123.
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Hsin-Wei Kuo, Trong-Neng Wu & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2007) Nitrates in Drinking Water and Risk of Death from Rectal Cancer in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 70:20, pages 1717-1722.
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E. D. Baxter, I. R. Slaiding & V. Travers. (2007) Current incidence of N-nitrosodimethylamine in beers worldwide. Food Additives & Contaminants 24:8, pages 807-811.
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Hui-Fen Chiu, Shang-Shyue Tsai & Chun-Yuh Yang. (2007) Nitrate in Drinking Water and Risk of Death from Bladder Cancer: An Ecological Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 70:12, pages 1000-1004.
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B. M. Thomson, C. J. Nokes & P. J. Cressey. (2007) Intake and risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite from New Zealand foods and drinking water. Food Additives & Contaminants 24:2, pages 113-121.
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Jonathan J. Manning, Angela A. Wirz & Kenneth E. L. Mccoll. (2007) Nitrogenous chemicals generated from acidification of saliva influence transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 42:12, pages 1413-1421.
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L. Merino, P. O. Darnerud, U. Edberg, P. Åman & M. D. P. Castillo. (2006) Levels of nitrate in Swedish lettuce and spinach over the past 10 years. Food Additives & Contaminants 23:12, pages 1283-1289.
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Shuichi MASUDA, Yumeko TERASHIMA, Ayako SANO, Masaki OKADA, Yuya DEGUCHI, Tomoyasu TOYOIZUMI, Chitose SUGIYAMA, Shigenori KUMAZAWA, Miya KAMIHIRA, Hisashi YOSHIOKA, Yoshiyasu TERAO & Naohide KINAE. (2006) Changes in the Mutagenic and Estrogenic Activities of 17β-Estradiol after Treatment with Nitrite. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 70:4, pages 890-896.
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S. G. Guadagnin, S. Rath & F. G. R. Reyes. (2005) Evaluation of the nitrate content in leaf vegetables produced through different agricultural systems. Food Additives & Contaminants 22:12, pages 1203-1208.
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M. Reinik, T. Tamme, M. Roasto, K. Juhkam, S. Jurtšenko, T. Tenńo & A. Kiis. (2005) Nitrites, nitrates and N-nitrosoamines in Estonian cured meat products: Intake by Estonian children and adolescents. Food Additives & Contaminants 22:11, pages 1098-1105.
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Metin Turan & Figen Sevimli. (2005) Influence of different nitrogen sources and levels on ion content of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 33:3, pages 241-249.
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N. Gruda. (2005) Impact of Environmental Factors on Product Quality of Greenhouse Vegetables for Fresh Consumption. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 24:3, pages 227-247.
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Zhaohui Wang & Shengxiu Li. (2004) Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Plant Growth and Nitrate Accumulation in Vegetables. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27:3, pages 539-556.
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AnastasiosS. Siomos, ParthenaP. Papadopoulou & ConstantinosC. Dogras. (2004) Compositional Differences of Stem and Floral Portions of Broccoli Heads. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 10:2, pages 107-118.
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J.-C. Chung, S.-S. Chou & D.-F. Hwang. (2004) Changes in nitrate and nitrite content of four vegetables during storage at refrigerated and ambient temperatures. Food Additives & Contaminants 21:4, pages 317-322.
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S. Y. Chung, J. S. Kim, M. Kim, M. K. Hong, J. O. Lee, C. M. Kim & I. S. Song. (2003) Survey of nitrate and nitrite contents of vegetables grown in Korea. Food Additives & Contaminants 20:7, pages 621-628.
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E. Geniatakis, M. Fouskaki & N. A. Chaniotakis. (2003) Direct Potentiometric Measurement of Nitrate in Seeds and Produce. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34:3-4, pages 571-579.
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K. Iijima, V. Fyfe & K. E. L. McColl. (2003) Studies of Nitric Oxide Generation from Salivary Nitrite in Human Gastric Juice. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 38:3, pages 246-252.
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David C. Paik, James Dillon, Edgar Galicia & M. David Tilson. (2001) The Nitrite/Collagen Reaction: Non-Enzymatic Nitration as a Model System for Age-Related Damage. Connective Tissue Research 42:2, pages 111-122.
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Ceri Oldreive, Nicholas Bradley, Richard Bruckdorfer & Catherine Rice-Evans. (2001) Lack of influence of dietary nitrate/nitrite on plasma nitrotyrosine levels measured using a competitive inhibition of binding ELISA assay. Free Radical Research 35:4, pages 377-386.
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AnastasiosS. Siomos. (2000) Nitrate Levels in Lettuce at Three Times During a Diurnal Period. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 6:2, pages 37-42.
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AnastasiosS. Siomos & ConstantinosC. Dogras. (2000) Nitrates in Vegetables Produced in Greece. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 5:2, pages 3-13.
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P. Santamaria, A. Elia, F. Serio, M. Gonnella & A. Parente. (1999) Comparison between nitrate and ammonium nutrition in fennel, celery, and Swiss chard. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22:7, pages 1091-1106.
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P. Santamaria, A. Elia, A. Parente & F. Serio. (1998) Fertilization strategies for lowering nitrate content in leafy vegetables: chicory and rocket salad cases. Journal of Plant Nutrition 21:9, pages 1791-1803.
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P. Santamaria, A. Elia, G. Papa & F. Serio. (1998) Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in chicory and rocket salad plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 21:9, pages 1779-1789.
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Miguel Urrestarazu, Adela Postigo, Maricarmen Salas, Agustín Sánchez & Gilda Carrasco. (1998) Nitrate accumulation reduction using chloride in the nutrient solution on lettuce growing by NFT in semiarid climate conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition 21:8, pages 1705-1714.
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P. Santamaria, A. Elia & M. Gonnella. (1997) Changes in nitrate accumulation and growth of endive plants during light period as affected by nitrogen level and form . Journal of Plant Nutrition 20:10, pages 1255-1266.
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A.J. Worth, S.J. Ainsworth, P.J. Brocklehurst & M.G. Collet. (1997) Nitrite poisoning in cats and dogs fed a commercial pet food. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45:5, pages 193-195.
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David C. Paik, William G. Ramey, James Dillon & M. David Tilson. (1997) The Nitrite/Elastin Reaction. Connective Tissue Research 36:3, pages 241-251.
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Jan Dich, Ritva Järvinen, Paul Knekt & Pirjo‐Liisa Penttilä. (1996) Dietary intakes of nitrate, nitrite and NDMA in the Finnish mobile clinic health examination survey. Food Additives & Contaminants 13:5, pages 541-552.
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V. Priyo Bintoro, D. Cantin‐Esnault & J. Alary. (1996) A survey of nitrate contents in Indonesian milk by enzymic analysis. Food Additives & Contaminants 13:1, pages 77-87.
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M. N. Meah, N. Harrison & A. Davies. (1994) Nitrate and nitrite in foods and the diet. Food Additives & Contaminants 11:4, pages 519-532.
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M.I. Santillana, E. Ruiz, M.T. Nieto & M. De Alba. (1993) High Performance Ion Chromatography Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Foodstuffs. Journal of Liquid Chromatography 16:7, pages 1561-1571.
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L. Liu & B.J. Shelp. (1993) Broccoli yield and nitrogen composition in response to different management regimes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24:1-2, pages 61-84.
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Luciano Vittozzi. (1992) Toxicology of nitrates and nitrites. Food Additives & Contaminants 9:5, pages 579-585.
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E. Quattrucci & V. Masci. (1992) Nutritional aspects of food preservatives. Food Additives & Contaminants 9:5, pages 515-525.
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