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Original Articles

New Applications and Mechanisms of Action of Saffron and its Important Ingredients

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Pages 761-786 | Published online: 08 Sep 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (13)

Muhammad Sarfraz, Abdul Khaliq, Majid Mahmood Tahir, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Zahid-ur- Rehman & Qingsong Shan. (2024) Saffron spice quality in response to integrated nutrient management under lesser Himalayan conditions of Rawalakot Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Journal of Plant Nutrition 47:1, pages 18-29.
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Laleh Arzi & Reyhane Hoshyar. (2022) Saffron anti-metastatic properties, ancient spice novel application. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62:14, pages 3939-3950.
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Débora Cerdá-Bernad, Estefanía Valero-Cases, Joaquín-Julián Pastor & María José Frutos. (2022) Saffron bioactives crocin, crocetin and safranal: effect on oxidative stress and mechanisms of action. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62:12, pages 3232-3249.
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Sedigheh Asgary, Ali Rastqar & Mahtab Keshvari. (2018) Functional Food and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 37:5, pages 429-455.
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S. Gedik, ME Erdemli, M Gul, B Yigitcan, H Gozukara Bag, Z Aksungur & E Altinoz. (2018) Investigation of the protective effects of crocin on acrylamide induced small and large intestine damage in rats. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 93:4, pages 267-276.
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Moslem Jafarisani, S. Zahra Bathaie & Mir F. Mousavi. (2018) Saffron carotenoids (crocin and crocetin) binding to human serum albumin as investigated by different spectroscopic methods and molecular docking. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 36:7, pages 1681-1690.
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Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Mary Abiola Okesola, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye & Abidemi Paul Kappo. (2018) Ethyl acetate leaf fraction of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst: antioxidant potential, inhibitory activities of key enzymes on carbohydrate metabolism, cholinergic, monoaminergic, purinergic, and chemical fingerprinting. International Journal of Food Properties 21:1, pages 1697-1715.
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G. K. Broadhead, A. Chang, J. Grigg & P. McCluskey. (2016) Efficacy and Safety of Saffron Supplementation: Current Clinical Findings. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56:16, pages 2767-2776.
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Celeste De Monte, Bruna Bizzarri, Maria Concetta Gidaro, Simone Carradori, Adriano Mollica, Grazia Luisi, Arianna Granese, Stefano Alcaro, Giosuè Costa, Nicoletta Basilico, Silvia Parapini, Maria Maddalena Scaltrito, Carla Masia & Francesca Sisto. (2015) Bioactive compounds of Crocus sativus L. and their semi-synthetic derivatives as promising anti-Helicobacter pylori, anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial agents. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 30:6, pages 1027-1033.
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AnnaM. D’Alessandro, Andrea Mancini, Anna Rita Lizzi, Angela De Simone, Carmine Esposito Marroccella, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Carla Tatone & Claudio Festuccia. (2013) Crocus Sativus Stigma Extract and Its Major Constituent Crocin Possess Significant Antiproliferative Properties Against Human Prostate Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 65:6, pages 930-942.
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Reyhane Hoshyar, S. Zahra Bathaie, Anahita Kyani & Mir Fazlollah Mousavi. (2012) Is There Any Interaction Between Telomeric DNA Structures, G-Quadruplex and I-Motif, with Saffron Active Metabolites?. Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids 31:11, pages 801-812.
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Articles from other publishers (164)

Sepideh Seyedi-Sahebari, Sara Farhang, Mostafa Araj-Khodaei, Shahin Akhondzadeh, Amirreza Naseri, Sarvin Sanaie & Negin Frounchi. (2023) The Effects of Crocus sativus (Saffron) on ADHD: A Systematic Review . Journal of Attention Disorders 28:1, pages 14-24.
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Hinde Benjlil, Ilyass Filali Alaoui, Mohamed Aït Hamza, Amina Braimi, Tayeb Oubidari, Amin Idhmida, Abderrahim Ihitassen, Hafssa Tazi, Hamid El Kherrak, Timothy Paulitz, Odile Fossati-Gaschignard, Zahra Ferji, Khalil Cherifi & El Hassan Mayad. (2024) Nematodes associated with saffron II: Bioindication for soil health assessment and impact of agricultural practices. Applied Soil Ecology 193, pages 105111.
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Fatemeh Ghafari, Zohre Sadeghian, Akram Oftadeh Harsin, Sodabe Khodabandelo & Akram Ranjbar. (2023) Anti-oxidative properties of nanocrocin in Zearalenone induced toxicity on Hek293 cell; The novel formulation and cellular assessment. Human & Experimental Toxicology 42, pages 096032712311699.
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Yuanfeng Wu, Yucui Gong, Juan Sun, Yao Zhang, Zisheng Luo, Sabir Z. Nishanbaev, Durbek Usmanov, Xinjie Song, Ligen Zou & María José Benito. (2023) Bioactive Components and Biological Activities of Crocus sativus L. Byproducts: A Comprehensive Review . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
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Tanu Bisht, Sonali Sundram, Rishabha Malviya & Akanksha Pandey. (2023) Herbal Components for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. The Natural Products Journal 13:7.
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Simone Ronsisvalle, Annamaria Panico, Debora Santonocito, Edy Angela Siciliano, Federica Sipala, Lucia Montenegro & Carmelo Puglia. (2023) Evaluation of Crocin Content and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Activity of Different Saffron Extracts. Plants 12:20, pages 3606.
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Sahar Mohammadi, Mohsen Naseri, Nassim Faridi, Parisa Zareie, Leila Zare, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh & S.Zahra Bathaie. (2023) Saffron carotenoids reversed the UCMS-induced depression and anxiety in rats: Behavioral and biochemical parameters, and hippocampal BDNF/ERK/CREB and NR2B signaling markers. Phytomedicine 119, pages 154989.
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Charles Spence. (2023) Saffron: The colourful spice. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, pages 100821.
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Anthi Panara, Evagelos Gikas & Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. (2023) Complete chemical characterization of Crocus sativus via LC-HRMS: Does trimming affect the chemical content of saffron?. Food Chemistry 424, pages 136452.
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Samridhi Thakral, Alka Yadav, Vikramjeet Singh, Manoj Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, Rakesh Narang, Kalvatala Sudhakar, Amita Verma, Habibullah Khalilullah, Mariusz Jaremko & Abdul-Hamid Emwas. (2023) Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs. Ageing Research Reviews 88, pages 101960.
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Mengying Shan, Mingdong Yao, Nan Liang, Herong Wang, Nan Wu, Ying Wang, Wenhai Xiao & Ying-jin Yuan. (2023) One-Pot Efficient Bioconversion of Crocetin from Zeaxanthin via a Dual-Enzyme System. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 11:23, pages 8615-8623.
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Ahsas Goyal, Aanchal Verma, Anant Agrawal, Nandini Dubey, Abhay Kumar & Tapan Behl. (2023) Therapeutic implications of crocin in Parkinson's disease: A review of preclinical research. Chemical Biology & Drug Design 101:6, pages 1229-1240.
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Parya Ezati, Ajahar Khan, Jong-Whan Rhim, Swarup Roy & Zahoor Ul Hassan. (2022) Saffron: Perspectives and Sustainability for Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology 16:6, pages 1177-1196.
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Nadia Naim, Ibtissame Guirrou, Marie‐Laure Fauconnier, Hanine Hafida, Abdessalem Tahiri, Ilham Madani, Rachid Lahlali & Said Ennahli. (2023) Chemical, biochemical and volatile profiles of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) from different growing areas of Morocco . JSFA reports 3:5, pages 233-247.
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Firouzeh Dehghan, Faranak Amiri & Farzaneh Amiri. (2022) Protective effects of saffron extract and resistance training against atrophic markers: a study on rats with dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Sport Sciences for Health 19:1, pages 85-94.
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Namdar Yousofvand & Boshra Moloodi. (2022) An overview of the effect of medicinal herbs on pain. Phytotherapy Research 37:3, pages 1057-1081.
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Mariam Sanjari‐Pour, Nassim Faridi, Ping Wang & S. Zahra Bathaie. (2023) Protective effect of saffron carotenoids against amyloid b eta‐induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells via the unfolded protein response and autophagy . Phytotherapy Research.
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Mohammad Reza Aslani, Nasim Abdollahi, Somaieh Matin, Anahita Zakeri & Hassan Ghobadi. (2023) Effect of crocin of Crocus sativus L. on serum inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF- α ) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . British Journal of Nutrition, pages 1-8.
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Seyyed Kiarash Sadat Rafiei, Setare Abolghasemi, Mahsa Frashidi, Shiva Ebrahimi, Fatemeh Gharei, Zahra Razmkhah, Najmeh Tavousi, Behnaz Mahmoudvand, Melika Faani, Narges Karimi, Amir Abdi, Mahsa Soleimanzadeh, Mahya Ahmadpour Youshanlui, Sayedeh-Fatemeh Sadatmadani, Reyhaneh Alikhani, Yasamin Pishkari & Niloofar Deravi. (2023) Saffron and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 16.
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Reza Haseli, Masoud Honarvar, Kamal Yavari & Mehrdad Ghavami. (2023) Synergistic anticancer effects of crocin combined with deuterium-depleted water on HT-29 cells. Anti-Cancer Drugs Publish Ahead of Print.
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Renata Matraszek-Gawron, Mirosława Chwil, Karol Terlecki & Michał Marian Skoczylas. (2022) Current Knowledge of the Antidepressant Activity of Chemical Compounds from Crocus sativus L.. Pharmaceuticals 16:1, pages 58.
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Jasia Nissar, F. A. Masoodi, Lubna Masoodi, Tehmeena Ahad & Junaid Furhan. (2022) Response surface methodology (RSM)-based statistical modeling and optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of saffron bioactives. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery.
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Oznur Saroglu, Busra Atalı, Rusen Metin Yıldırım & Ayse Karadag. (2022) Characterization of nanoliposomes loaded with saffron extract: in vitro digestion and release of crocin. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 16:6, pages 4402-4415.
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Akram Oftadeh Harsin, Farzin Firozian, Amir Nili Ahmadabadi, Meysam Soleimani & Akram Ranjbar. (2022) Nanocrocin Protective Effects on Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress in the MRC-5 Cell Line. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.
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Maryam Amini, Milad Rasouli, Mahmood Ghoranneviss, Mahdi Momeni & Kostya Ken Ostrikov. (2022) Synergistic cellulose-based nanocomposite packaging and cold plasma decontamination for extended saffron preservation. Scientific Reports 12:1.
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Majid Kianmehr, Fateme Mahdizadeh & Mohammad Reza Khazdair. (2022) The effects of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) and its ingredients on dietary intakes in cardiovascular disease in Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition 9.
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Kyriaki Hatziagapiou, Olti Nikola, Sofia Marka, Eleni Koniari, Eleni Kakouri, Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki, Sophie S. Mavrikou, Charalabos Kanakis, Emmanouil Flemetakis, George P. Chrousos, Spyridon Kintzios, George I. Lambrou, Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein & Petros A. Tarantilis. (2022) An In Vitro Study of Saffron Carotenoids: The Effect of Crocin Extracts and Dimethylcrocetin on Cancer Cell Lines. Antioxidants 11:6, pages 1074.
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Mena Ritota, Raffaella Comitato & Pamela Manzi. (2022) Cow and Ewe Cheeses Made with Saffron: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Their Antiproliferative Effect in Cervical Adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells. Molecules 27:6, pages 1995.
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Benyamin Pazoki, Nadia Zandi, Zeinab Assaf, Hossein Sanjari Moghaddam, Arefeh Zeinoddini, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi & Shahin Akhondzadeh. (2022) Efficacy and safety of saffron as adjunctive therapy in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Advances in Integrative Medicine 9:1, pages 37-43.
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Tarek Zieneldien, Janice Kim & Chuanhai Cao. (2022) The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Geriatrics 7:2, pages 24.
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Arash Ghalehgolabbehbahani, Olav Vestrheim, Margaret Skinner, Jianing Li & Severin T. Schneebeli. (2022) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Quality Assessment of Vermont-Grown Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)─Optimal Drying Conditions and Mechanistic Implications . ACS Food Science & Technology 2:2, pages 315-320.
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Ibtissam Mzabri, Maria Rimani, Khadija Charif, Noureddine Kouddane & Abdelbasset Berrichi. (2022) Effect of Shade on Agro-Morphological Parameters and Weed Flora of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Cultivation in the Semiarid Zone of Eastern Morocco. The Scientific World Journal 2022, pages 1-8.
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Monica Butnariu, Cristina Quispe, Jesús Herrera-Bravo, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Laxman Singh, Nora M. Aborehab, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Alessandro Venditti, Surjit Sen, Krishnendu Acharya, Moein Bashiry, Shahira M. Ezzat, William N. Setzer, Miquel Martorell, Ksenija S. Mileski, Iulia-Cristina Bagiu, Anca Oana Docea, Daniela Calina & William C. Cho. (2022) The Pharmacological Activities of Crocus sativus L.: A Review Based on the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities of its Phytoconstituents. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022, pages 1-29.
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Youssef Abdalla, Ali Abdalla, Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza & Amr Amin. (2022) Safranal Prevents Liver Cancer Through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Alleviating Inflammation. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Shonaz Ahmadikhatir, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Abdolrasoul Safaiyan, Shoyar Ahmadikhatir & Nazila Farrin. (2022) Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplements improve quality of life and appetite in atherosclerosis patients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 27:1, pages 30.
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Mohammad Hossein Boskabady, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Arghavan Memarzia & Seyyedeh Zahra Ghasemi. 2022. Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications. Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications 551 572 .
Alireza Karbasi & Bahareh Zandi Dareh Gharibi. 2022. The Saffron Genome. The Saffron Genome 275 287 .
Neda Roshanravan & Samad Ghaffari. (2021) The therapeutic potential of Crocus sativus Linn.: A comprehensive narrative review of clinical trials . Phytotherapy Research 36:1, pages 98-111.
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Akbar Anaeigoudari, Hamidreza Safari & Mohammad Reza Khazdair. (2021) Effects of Nigella sativa, Camellia sinensis, and Allium sativum as Food Additives on Metabolic Disorders, a Literature Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Nan Liang, Ming-Dong Yao, Ying Wang, Jia Liu, Lu Feng, Zhi-Ming Wang, Xiang-Yu Li, Wen-Hai Xiao & Ying-Jin Yuan. (2021) Cs CCD2 Access Tunnel Design for a Broader Substrate Profile in Crocetin Production . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69:39, pages 11626-11636.
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Hassan Feizi, Rooholla Moradi, Nasibeh Pourghasemian & Hossein Sahabi. (2021) Assessing saffron response to salinity stress and alleviating potential of gamma amino butyric acid, salicylic acid and vermicompost extract on salt damage. South African Journal of Botany 141, pages 330-343.
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Inés Moragrega & José Luis Ríos. (2021) Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Depression: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. Planta Medica 87:09, pages 656-685.
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Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Zahra Gholamnezhad, Ramin Rezaee & Mohammad Hossein Boskabady. (2021) A qualitative and quantitative comparison of Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa immunomodulatory effects. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 140, pages 111774.
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Fatemeh khani, Maryam Radahmadi & Hojjatallah Alaei. (2021) The Impact of Crocin and Chronic Isolation Stress on Passive Avoidance Memory and Brain Electrical Activity in Male Rats. Physiology and Pharmacology 0:Accepted Manuscripts, pages 0-0.
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Begoña Renau-Morata, Sergio G. Nebauer, Víctor García-Carpintero, Joaquín Cañizares, Eugenio Gómez Minguet, Marcelino de los Mozos & Rosa V. Molina. (2021) Flower induction and development in saffron: Timing and hormone signalling pathways. Industrial Crops and Products 164, pages 113370.
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Jing Chen, Guifen Zhou, Yan Dong, Xiaodong Qian, Jing Li, Xuting Xu, Huilian Huang, Limin Xu & Liqin Li. (2021) Screening of Key Proteins Affecting Floral Initiation of Saffron Under Cold Stress Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics. Frontiers in Plant Science 12.
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Amjad M. Husaini, Khan Nadiya Jan & Gowher A. Wani. (2021) Saffron: A potential drug-supplement for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID) management. Heliyon 7:5, pages e07068.
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Marwa A. A. Ibrahim, Heba E. M. Sharaf Eldin & Noha R. M. Elswaidy. (2020) Role of aqueous extract of saffron in ameliorating effect of sofosbuvir on the cerebellar cortex in rat. The Anatomical Record 304:4, pages 714-724.
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Nikolaos Pitsikas. (2021) Crocus sativus L. Extracts and Its Constituents Crocins and Safranal; Potential Candidates for Schizophrenia Treatment?. Molecules 26:5, pages 1237.
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Çiğdem Muştu. (2021) A Research on Properties, History of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its Use in Foods. Food and Health 7:4, pages 300-310.
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Elham Karimi, Amirhosein Farrokhzad, Mina Darand & Arman Arab. (2021) The Effect of Saffron Consumption on Liver Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Complementary Medicine Research 28:5, pages 453-462.
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Lilia Neri, Marianna Giancaterino, Rachele Rocchi, Urszula Tylewicz, Luca Valbonetti, Marco Faieta & Paola Pittia. (2021) Pulsed electric fields (PEF) as hot air drying pre-treatment: Effect on quality and functional properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 67, pages 102592.
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Arrrgo F.G. Cicero & Alessandro Colletti. 2021. Human Aging. Human Aging 255 272 .
Celeste De Monte & Stefania Cesa. 2021. Saffron. Saffron 241 273 .
Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, Rosna Mat Taha, Nordiyanah Anuar, Hashimah Elias, Sakinah Abdullah, Asif Khan, Vijay Lobo & R. Vidhyavathi. 2021. Saffron. Saffron 221 239 .
Zeynep Erdemli, Eyup Altinoz, Mehmet Erman Erdemli, Mehmet Gul, Harika Gozukara Bag & Semir Gul. (2020) Ameliorative effects of crocin on tartrazine dye–induced pancreatic adverse effects: a biochemical and histological study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28:2, pages 2209-2218.
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Kavous Eydivandi, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani & Parvin Farzanegi. (2020) The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Crocin Consumption on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptotic Indices in the Muscle Tissue of Rats. Gene, Cell and Tissue 7:4.
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Ze Wang, Juan Ren, Nengzhi Jin, Xingyi Liu & Xiaofei Li. (2020) Is Crocin a Potential Anti-tumor Candidate Targeting Microtubules? Computational Insights From Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulations. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 7.
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Zahra Allahdad, Anahita Khammari, Leila Karami, Atiyeh Ghasemi, Vladimir A. Sirotkin, Thomas Haertlé & Ali Akbar Saboury. (2020) Binding studies of crocin to β-Lactoglobulin and its impacts on both components. Food Hydrocolloids 108, pages 106003.
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Konstantinos I. Avgerinos, Christos Vrysis, Nikolaos Chaitidis, Katerina Kolotsiou, Pavlos G. Myserlis & Dimitrios Kapogiannis. (2020) Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on cognitive function. A systematic review of RCTs. Neurological Sciences 41:10, pages 2747-2754.
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Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian, Asie Shojaii, Jinous Asgarpanah & Maliheh Entezari. (2020) Anti-Mutagenicity and Apoptotic Effects of Teucrium polium L. Essential Oil in HT29 Cell Line. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 15:3.
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Ana I. Sanjuán‐López & Helena Resano‐Ezcaray. (2020) Labels for a Local Food Speciality Product: The Case of Saffron. Journal of Agricultural Economics 71:3, pages 778-797.
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S. Chaouqi, M. Lage, N. Moratalla-López, M.J. Bagur, G.L. Alonso & T. Guedira. (2020) Quality of saffron spice: coloring strength. Acta Horticulturae:1287, pages 411-418.
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Ahmad Nasimian, Parvaneh Farzaneh, Fuyuhiko Tamanoi & S. Zahra Bathaie. (2020) Cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS production resulted in apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells treated with Crocin: The role of FOXO3a, PTEN and AKT signaling. Biochemical Pharmacology 177, pages 113999.
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Muhammad Kamran, Rehana Kousar, Shakir Ullah, Siraj Khan, Muhammad Farooq Umer, Haroon Ur Rashid, Zakir Khan, Muhammad Ijaz Khan Khattak & Mujeeb Ur Rehman. (2020) Taxonomic Distribution of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cue to Novel Drugs. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2020, pages 1-15.
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Kyriaki Hatziagapiou & George I. Lambrou. (2020) Anti-toxicant Properties of Saffron and Relevance to Protection from Toxins and Drugs. Current Bioactive Compounds 16:3, pages 265-283.
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Kobra Foroughi, Sarvin Jahanbani, Simin Nazarnezhad, Hossein Khastar, Moslem Jafarisani, Mersedeh Tashakori & Seyedeh Sareh Kazemi. (2019) Survivin as a Target for Anti-cancer Phytochemicals According to the Molecular Docking Analysis. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics 26:2, pages 1115-1126.
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T. Ahmad, P. Arora, Y. Nalli, A. Ali & S. Riyaz‐Ul‐Hassan. (2020) Antibacterial potential of Juglomycin A isolated from Streptomyces achromogenes , an endophyte of Crocus sativus Linn . Journal of Applied Microbiology 128:5, pages 1366-1377.
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Nasim Abedimanesh, Behrooz Motlagh, Saeed Abedimanesh, S. Zahra Bathaie, Ahmad Separham & Alireza Ostadrahimi. (2019) Effects of crocin and saffron aqueous extract on gene expression of SIRT1 , AMPK , LOX1 , NF‐κB , and MCP‐1 in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial . Phytotherapy Research 34:5, pages 1114-1122.
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Bharat Singh & Ram Avtar Sharma. 2020. Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants 399 407 .
Jamal Rahmani, Elham Bazmi, Cain Clark & Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari. (2020) The effect of Saffron supplementation on waist circumference, HA1C, and glucose metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 49, pages 102298.
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babak hooshmand moghadam, amir Rashid lamir, Seyyed Reza Attarzade Hosseini & Abbas Ali Gaeini. (2020) A Review on the Effects of Saffron with Physical Activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4:72, pages 14-29.
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Adil Farooq Wali, Jayachithra Ramakrishna Pillai, Yusra Al Dhaheri, Muneeb U. Rehman, Ambreen Shoaib, Omar Sarheed, Salma Jabnoun, Maryam Razmpoor, Saiema Rasool, Bilal Ahmad Paray & Parvaiz Ahmad. (2020) Crocus sativus L. Extract Containing Polyphenols Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response against Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs-Induced Liver Injury. Plants 9:2, pages 167.
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Hifzur R. Siddique, Homa Fatma & Mohammad Afsar Khan. 2020. Saffron. Saffron 233 244 .
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Gianfranco Diretto, Oussama Ahrazem, Ángela Rubio‐Moraga, Alessia Fiore, Filippo Sevi, Javier Argandoña & Lourdes Gómez‐Gómez. (2019) UGT709G1: a novel uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of picrocrocin, the precursor of safranal in saffron ( Crocus sativus ) . New Phytologist 224:2, pages 725-740.
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Jamal Rahmani, Nicla Manzari, Jacqueline Thompson, Cain C.T. Clark, Gemma Villanueva, Hamed Kord Varkaneh & Parvin Mirmiran. (2019) The effect of saffron on weight and lipid profile: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and dose–response of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research 33:9, pages 2244-2255.
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Rooholla Moradi, Nasibeh Pourghasemian & Mehdi Naghizadeh. (2019) Effect of beeswax waste biochar on growth, physiology and cadmium uptake in saffron. Journal of Cleaner Production 229, pages 1251-1261.
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Marzieh Ghasemi Tigan, Arezou Ghahghaei & Milad Lagzian. (2019) In-vitro and in-silico investigation of protective mechanisms of crocin against E46K α-synuclein amyloid formation. Molecular Biology Reports 46:4, pages 4279-4292.
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Yue Zhang, Jianliang Geng, Yu Hong, Li Jiao, Shuning Li, Runbin Sun, Yuan Xie, Caixia Yan, Jiye Aa & Guangji Wang. (2019) Orally Administered Crocin Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the Metabolic Transformation of Crocetin by Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Pharmacology 10.
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Eirini Christodoulou, Maria-Eleni Grafakou, Eleni Skaltsa, Nikolaos Kadoglou, Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos & Georgia Valsami. (2019) Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 71:5, pages 753-764.
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Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Akbar Anaeigoudari, Milad Hashemzehi & Reza Mohebbati. (2019) Neuroprotective potency of some spice herbs, a literature review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9:2, pages 98-105.
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