16,070
Views
373
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The PETTLEP Approach to Motor Imagery: A Functional Equivalence Model for Sport Psychologists

&
Pages 60-83 | Received 02 May 1999, Published online: 24 Oct 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (92)

Riki S. Lindsay, Paul Larkin, Aden Kittel & Michael Spittle. (2023) Mental imagery training programs for developing sport-specific motor skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 28:4, pages 444-465.
Read now
Mahsa Mohammadifard & Mehdi RafeiBoroujeni. (2023) The effect of simultaneous and alternate action observation and motor imagery combinations on the learning of badminton short serve in children. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 0:0, pages 1-15.
Read now
Cornelia Frank, Janna Kluever & Bianca Annabelle Simonsmeier. (2023) Imagery training of motor actions in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 0:0, pages 1-22.
Read now
Niklas Cederström, Eva Ageberg & Simon Granér. (2023) Lived experiences of physical therapists treating traumatic knee injury using integrated psychological training (MOTIFS): a qualitative interview study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 0:0, pages 1-15.
Read now
Jonathan Rhodes & Jon May. (2022) Applied imagery for motivation: a person-centred model. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20:6, pages 1556-1575.
Read now
David J. Wright, Cornelia Frank & Adam M. Bruton. (2022) Recommendations for Combining Action Observation and Motor Imagery Interventions in Sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 13:3, pages 155-167.
Read now
Amin Daneshfar, Carl J. Petersen & Daniel E. Gahreman. (2022) The effect of 4 weeks motor imagery training on simulated BMX race performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20:2, pages 644-660.
Read now
Riki S. Lindsay, Anthony R. H. Oldham, Eric J. Drinkwater, Michael Spittle & Adam G. Storey. (2022) Effects of personalised motor imagery on the development of a complex weightlifting movement. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20:1, pages 57-78.
Read now
Giovanna Cuomo, Valerio Maglianella, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, Marialuisa Martelli, Stefano Paolucci, Giovanni Morone & Marco Iosa. (2022) Motor imagery and gait control in Parkinson’s disease: techniques and new perspectives in neurorehabilitation. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 22:1, pages 43-51.
Read now
Demet Gözaçan Karabulut, Eylem Tütün Yümin & Yusuf Öztürk. (2022) The effect of motor imagery training on individuals with unilateral cerebral palsy on motor imagery ability, functional mobility and muscle activity. Somatosensory & Motor Research 39:1, pages 62-69.
Read now
Aymeric Guillot, Franck Di Rienzo, Cornelia Frank, Ursula Debarnot & Tadhg E. MacIntyre. (2021) From simulation to motor execution: a review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 0:0, pages 1-20.
Read now
Dominic G. McNeil, Michael Spittle & Christopher Mesagno. (2021) Imagery training for reactive agility: Performance improvements for decision time but not overall reactive agility. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 19:3, pages 429-445.
Read now
Anna Christakou, Georgios Vasileiadis & Eleni Kapreli. (2021) Motor imagery as a method of maintaining performance in pianists during forced non-practice: a single case study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 37:4, pages 540-548.
Read now
Maik Bieleke, Lucas Keller & Peter M. Gollwitzer. (2021) If-then planning. European Review of Social Psychology 32:1, pages 88-122.
Read now
Bianca A. Simonsmeier, Melina Andronie, Susanne Buecker & Cornelia Frank. (2021) The effects of imagery interventions in sports: a meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14:1, pages 186-207.
Read now
Nicola Tinkler, Julius Jooste & Ankebé Kruger. (2020) Emotional intelligence and psychological skills application among female field-hockey players. Journal of Psychology in Africa 30:6, pages 559-564.
Read now
Ashleigh Ritchie & Fiona Brooker. (2020) Democratic and Feminist Pedagogy in the Ballet Technique Class. Journal of Dance Education 20:4, pages 197-204.
Read now
Lisa M. Cooke, Lindsay R. Duncan, Sarah J. Deck, Craig R. Hall & Wendy M. Rodgers. (2020) An examination of changes in exercise identity during a mental imagery intervention for female exercise initiates. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18:4, pages 534-550.
Read now
Dave Smith, Stephanie Romano-Smith, David J. Wright, Ben Deller-Rust & Caroline J. Wakefield. (2020) The Effects of Combining PETTLEP Imagery and Action Observation on Bicep Strength: A Single-Case Design. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 32:4, pages 377-391.
Read now
Thiago Ferreira Dias Kanthack, Aymeric Guillot, Michel Clémençon, Ursula Debarnot & Franck Di Rienzo. (2020) Effect of Physical Fatigue Elicited by Continuous and Intermittent Exercise on Motor Imagery Ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 91:3, pages 525-538.
Read now
Jenny O, Frank O. Ely & Samantha Magalas. (2020) It’s All About Timing: An Imagery Intervention Examining Multiple Image Speed Combinations. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 32:3, pages 256-276.
Read now
Ben Marshall, David J. Wright, Paul S. Holmes & Greg Wood. (2020) Combining Action Observation and Motor Imagery Improves Eye–Hand Coordination during Novel Visuomotor Task Performance. Journal of Motor Behavior 52:3, pages 333-341.
Read now
Abraham Peper. (2020) A general theory of consciousness I: Consciousness and adaptation . Communicative & Integrative Biology 13:1, pages 6-21.
Read now
Garrett F. Beatty & Christopher M. Janelle. (2020) Emotion regulation and motor performance: an integrated review and proposal of the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER). International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13:1, pages 266-296.
Read now
Eoghan McNeill, Adam J. Toth, Andrew J. Harrison & Mark J. Campbell. (2020) Cognitive to physical performance: a conceptual model for the role of motor simulation in performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13:1, pages 205-230.
Read now
David J. Spindler, Mark S. Allen, Stewart A. Vella & Christian Swann. (2019) Motivational-general arousal imagery does not improve decision-making performance in elite endurance cyclists. Cognition and Emotion 33:5, pages 1084-1093.
Read now
Helen O'shea & Aidan Moran. (2019) Are Fast Complex Movements Unimaginable? Pupillometric Studies of Motor Imagery in Expert Piano Playing. Journal of Motor Behavior 51:4, pages 371-384.
Read now
Chris Pocock, Matt Dicks, Richard C. Thelwell, Michael Chapman & Jamie B. Barker. (2019) Using an Imagery Intervention to Train Visual Exploratory Activity in Elite Academy Football Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 31:2, pages 218-234.
Read now
Barbi Law, Phillip Post, Jenny O & Penny McCullagh. (2018) Video-based observation in sport: From “forgotten” to ubiquitous. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 9:4, pages 260-270.
Read now
Mary L. Quinton, Jennifer Cumming, Jonathan Allsop, Robert Gray & Sarah E. Williams. (2018) Imagery meaning and content in golf: Effects on performance, anxiety, and confidence. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16:4, pages 382-397.
Read now
Matthew Scott, Stephen Taylor, Paul Chesterton, Stefan Vogt & Daniel Lloyd Eaves. (2018) Motor imagery during action observation increases eccentric hamstring force: an acute non-physical intervention. Disability and Rehabilitation 40:12, pages 1443-1451.
Read now
Phillip Post, Greg Young & Duncan Simpson. (2018) The Effects of a PETTLEP Imagery Intervention on Learners' Coincident Anticipation Timing Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 30:2, pages 204-221.
Read now
Niall Falls, Jamie B. Barker & Martin J. Turner. (2018) The Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Prospective Imagery and Anxiety in Golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 30:2, pages 171-184.
Read now
Nurwina Anuar, Sarah E. Williams & Jennifer Cumming. (2018) Comparing PETTLEP imagery against observation imagery on vividness and ease of movement imagery. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16:2, pages 150-163.
Read now
Simon Middlemas & Chris Harwood. (2018) No Place to Hide: Football Players' and Coaches' Perceptions of the Psychological Factors Influencing Video Feedback. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 30:1, pages 23-44.
Read now
Nurwina Anuar, Sarah E. Williams & Jennifer Cumming. (2017) Do the physical and environment PETTLEP elements predict sport imagery ability?. European Journal of Sport Science 17:10, pages 1319-1327.
Read now
Rebecca A. Zakrajsek, Leslee A. Fisher & Scott B. Martin. (2017) Certified Athletic Trainers’ Understanding and Use of Sport Psychology in Their Practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 29:2, pages 215-233.
Read now
Celina Kacperski & Craig Hall. (2017) Do Construal Levels Affect Athletes’ Imagery and Performance Outcomes? It Depends on the Task!. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 29:2, pages 181-198.
Read now
Jennifer Cumming, Sam J. Cooley, Nurwina Anuar, Maria-Christina Kosteli, Mary L. Quinton, Fredrik Weibull & Sarah E. Williams. (2017) Developing imagery ability effectively: A guide to layered stimulus response training. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 8:1, pages 23-33.
Read now
Patrick Fargier, Christian Collet, Aidan Moran & Raphaël Massarelli. (2017) Inter-disciplinarity in sport sciences: The neuroscience example. European Journal of Sport Science 17:1, pages 42-50.
Read now
Bianca A. Simonsmeier & Susanne Buecker. (2017) Interrelations of Imagery Use, Imagery Ability, and Performance in Young Athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 29:1, pages 32-43.
Read now
Tim Blankert & Melvyn R. W. Hamstra. (2017) Imagining Success: Multiple Achievement Goals and the Effectiveness of Imagery. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 39:1, pages 60-67.
Read now
Maamer Slimani, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, David Tod, Alexandre Dellal, Olivier Hue, Foued Cheour, Lee Taylor & Karim Chamari. (2016) Do cognitive training strategies improve motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer players? Insights from a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences 34:24, pages 2338-2349.
Read now
Kimberley D. Curtin, Krista J. Munroe-Chandler & Todd M. Loughead. (2016) Athletes’ imagery use from a team-level perspective and team cohesion. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14:4, pages 323-339.
Read now
Howie J. Carson & Dave Collins. (2016) Implementing the Five-A Model of Technical Refinement: Key Roles of the Sport Psychologist. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 28:4, pages 392-409.
Read now
Nurwina Anuar, Jennifer Cumming & Sarah E. Williams. (2016) Effects of Applying the PETTLEP Model on Vividness and Ease of Imaging Movement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 28:2, pages 185-198.
Read now
Howie J. Carson & Dave Collins. (2016) The fourth dimension: A motoric perspective on the anxiety–performance relationship. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 9:1, pages 1-21.
Read now
Markus Krautter, Ronja Dittrich, Annette Safi, Justine Krautter, Imad Maatouk, Andreas Moeltner, Wolfgang Herzog & Christoph Nikendei. (2015) Peyton’s four-step approach: differential effects of single instructional steps on procedural and memory performance – a clarification study. Advances in Medical Education and Practice 6, pages 399-406.
Read now
Roy David Samuel. (2015) A Psychological Preparation Framework for Elite Soccer Referees: A Practitioner's Perspective. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 6:3, pages 170-187.
Read now
David A. Shearer. (2015) Collective efficacy at the Rugby World Cup 2015 – The role of imagery and observation. European Journal of Sport Science 15:6, pages 530-535.
Read now
David J. Wright, Sheree A. McCormick, Samantha Birks, Michela Loporto & Paul S. Holmes. (2015) Action Observation and Imagery Training Improve the Ease With Which Athletes Can Generate Imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 27:2, pages 156-170.
Read now
Michael Kalicinski, Matthias Kempe & Otmar Bock. (2015) Motor Imagery: Effects of Age, Task Complexity, and Task Setting. Experimental Aging Research 41:1, pages 25-38.
Read now
Maryrose Blank, Brett G. Sylvia, Jessica G. Garza & Brian R. Wade. (2014) Sapper-Athlete-Warrior Program: An Integrated Approach To Periodized Warrior Fitness. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 5:2, pages 73-87.
Read now
Jenny O, KristaJ. Munroe-Chandler, CraigR. Hall & NathanD. Hall. (2014) Using Motivational General-Mastery Imagery to Improve the Self-efficacy of Youth Squash Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 26:1, pages 66-81.
Read now
Sebastian Björkstrand & Patrick Jern. (2013) Evaluation of an imagery intervention to improve penalty taking ability in soccer: A study of two junior girls teams. Nordic Psychology 65:4, pages 290-305.
Read now
Caroline Wakefield, Dave Smith, Aidan Patrick Moran & Paul Holmes. (2013) Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6:1, pages 105-121.
Read now
SarahE. Williams, SamJ. Cooley, Elliott Newell, Fredrik Weibull & Jennifer Cumming. (2013) Seeing the Difference: Developing Effective Imagery Scripts for Athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 4:2, pages 109-121.
Read now
Ursula Debarnot, Djafar Sahraoui, Stéphane Champely, Christian Collet & Aymeric Guillot. (2012) Selective Influence of Circadian Modulation and Task Characteristics on Motor Imagery Time. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 83:3, pages 442-450.
Read now
Aymeric Guillot, Nady Hoyek, Magali Louis & Christian Collet. (2012) Understanding the timing of motor imagery: recent findings and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5:1, pages 3-22.
Read now
Magali Louis, Christian Collet, Stéphane Champely & Aymeric Guillot. (2012) Differences in Motor Imagery Time When Predicting Task Duration in Alpine Skiers and Equestrian Riders. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 83:1, pages 86-93.
Read now
Caroline Wakefield & Dave Smith. (2012) Perfecting Practice: Applying the PETTLEP Model of Motor Imagery. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 3:1, pages 1-11.
Read now
C. J. Olsson & Lars Nyberg. (2011) Brain simulation of action may be grounded in physical experience. Neurocase 17:6, pages 501-505.
Read now
Trevor Day & Paul Tosey. (2011) Beyond SMART? A new framework for goal setting. The Curriculum Journal 22:4, pages 515-534.
Read now
Jennifer Cumming & Richard Ramsey. (2011) Investigating the effect of model type and practice format on performance expectations and actual physical performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 9:3, pages 267-283.
Read now
SarahE. Williams, Jennifer Cumming & MartinG. Edwards. (2011) The Functional Equivalence Between Movement Imagery, Observation, and Execution Influences Imagery Ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82:3, pages 555-564.
Read now
Michela Loporto, Craig McAllister, Jacqueline Williams, Robert Hardwick & Paul Holmes. (2011) Investigating Central Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Action Observation and Imagery Through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Journal of Motor Behavior 43:5, pages 361-373.
Read now
Magali Louis, Christian Collet & Aymeric Guillot. (2011) Differences in motor imagery times during aroused and relaxed conditions. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23:3, pages 374-382.
Read now
Anouk Welfringer, Gundhild Leifert-Fiebach, Ralf Babinsky & Tobias Brandt. (2011) Visuomotor imagery as a new tool in the rehabilitation of neglect: a randomised controlled study of feasibility and efficacy. Disability and Rehabilitation 33:21-22, pages 2033-2043.
Read now
Christine Wilson, Dave Smith, Adrian Burden & Paul Holmes. (2010) Participant-generated imagery scripts produce greater EMG activity and imagery ability. European Journal of Sport Science 10:6, pages 417-425.
Read now
Philip Alexander Furley & Daniel Memmert. (2010) The role of working memory in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 3:2, pages 171-194.
Read now
Aymeric Guillot, Coralie Tolleron & Christian Collet. (2010) Does motor imagery enhance stretching and flexibility?. Journal of Sports Sciences 28:3, pages 291-298.
Read now
Jenny O & Craig Hall. (2009) A Quantitative Analysis of Athletes’ Voluntary Use of Slow Motion, Real Time, and Fast Motion Images. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21:1, pages 15-30.
Read now
CarolineJ. Wright & Dave Smith. (2009) The effect of PETTLEP imagery on strength performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 7:1, pages 18-31.
Read now
Dave Smith, CarolineJ. Wright & Cara Cantwell. (2008) Beating the Bunker. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 79:3, pages 385-391.
Read now
Aymeric Guillot & Christian Collet. (2008) Construction of the Motor Imagery Integrative Model in Sport: a review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1:1, pages 31-44.
Read now
Peddy Caliari. (2008) Enhancing Forehand Acquisition in Table Tennis: The Role of Mental Practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 20:1, pages 88-96.
Read now
Richard Ramsey, Jennifer Cumming & Martin Gareth Edwards. (2008) Exploring a modified conceptualization of imagery direction and golf putting performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6:2, pages 207-223.
Read now
Dave Smith, Caroline Wright, Amy Allsopp & Hayley Westhead. (2007) It's All in the Mind: PETTLEP-Based Imagery and Sports Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 19:1, pages 80-92.
Read now
Nicolas Robin, Laurent Dominique, Lucette Toussaint, Yannick Blandin, Aymeric Guillot & Michel Le Her. (2007) Effects of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: The role of imagery ability. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5:2, pages 175-186.
Read now
KristaJ. Munroe‐Chandler, Craig.R. Hall, Graham Fishburne, Jenny O & Nathan Hall. (2007) The content of imagery use in youth sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5:2, pages 158-174.
Read now
SannaM. Nordin, Jennifer Cumming, Jenny Vincent & Stephen McGrory. (2006) Mental Practice or Spontaneous Play? Examining Which Types of Imagery Constitute Deliberate Practice in Sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 18:4, pages 345-362.
Read now
Claire Calmels, Paul Holmes, Emilie Lopez & Véronique Naman. (2006) Chronometric Comparison of Actual and Imaged Complex Movement Patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior 38:5, pages 339-348.
Read now
Melanie Gregg & Craig Hall. (2006) Measurement of motivational imagery abilities in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences 24:9, pages 961-971.
Read now
Paul Holmes, Dave Collins & Claire Calmels. (2006) Electroencephalographic functional equivalence during observation of action. Journal of Sports Sciences 24:6, pages 605-616.
Read now
Ineke Vergeer & Jenny Roberts. (2006) Movement and stretching imagery during flexibility training. Journal of Sports Sciences 24:2, pages 197-208.
Read now
Jennifer Cumming, Craig Hall & JanetL. Starkes. (2005) Deliberate Imagery Practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 76:3, pages 306-314.
Read now
Geir Jordet. (2005) Perceptual Training in Soccer: An Imagery Intervention Study with Elite Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 17:2, pages 140-156.
Read now
Nichola Callow & Lew Hardy. (2004) The relationship between the use of kinaesthetic imagery and different visual imagery perspectives. Journal of Sports Sciences 22:2, pages 167-177.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (281)

Elizabeth Warfield, Philip Esposito & Robyn Braun-Trocchio. (2023) Differences in Relaxation and Imagery among NCAA Division I Sport Types. Sports 11:11, pages 224.
Crossref
Marcos Moreno-Verdú, Gautier Hamoline, Elise E. Van Caenegem, Baptiste M. Waltzing, Sébastien Forest, Ashika C. Valappil, Adam H. Khan, Samantha Chye, Maaike Esselaar, Mark J. Campbell, Craig J. McAllister, Sarah N. Kraeutner, Ellen Poliakoff, Cornelia Frank, Daniel L. Eaves, Caroline Wakefield, Shaun G. Boe, Paul S. Holmes, Adam M. Bruton, Stefan Vogt, David J. Wright & Robert M. Hardwick. (2023) Guidelines for reporting action simulation studies (GRASS): Proposals to improve reporting of research in motor imagery and action observation. Neuropsychologia, pages 108733.
Crossref
Fabio Richlan, Moritz Weiß, Patrick Kastner & Jeremias Braid. (2023) Virtual training, real effects: a narrative review on sports performance enhancement through interventions in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
Crossref
J.A. Binks, C.J. Wilson, P. Van Schaik & D.L. Eaves. (2023) Motor learning without physical practice: The effects of combined action observation and motor imagery practice on cup-stacking speed. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 68, pages 102468.
Crossref
Eric Piveteau, Franck Di Rienzo, Olivier Bolliet & Aymeric Guillot. (2023) Inter-task transfer of force gains is facilitated by motor imagery. Frontiers in Neuroscience 17.
Crossref
Alexandru Tiba, Marius Drugaș, Ioana Sârbu, Trip Simona, Carmen Bora, Daiana Miclăuș, Laura Voss, Ioana Sanislav & Daniel Ciurescu. (2023) T-RAC: Study protocol of a randomised clinical trial for assessing the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of adding an exergame-augmented dynamic imagery intervention to the behavioural activation treatment of depression. PLOS ONE 18:7, pages e0288910.
Crossref
Christian Ytterbøl, Dave Collins & Alan MacPherson. (2023) Shooter ready? Integrating mental skills training in an advanced sniper course. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
Crossref
Sarah N. Kraeutner, April Karlinsky, Zachary Besler, Timothy N. Welsh & Nicola J. Hodges. (2023) What we imagine learning from watching others: how motor imagery modulates competency perceptions resulting from the repeated observation of a juggling action. Psychological Research.
Crossref
Matthew W. Scott, Greg Wood, Paul S. Holmes, Ben Marshall, Jacqueline Williams & David J. Wright. (2023) Combined action observation and motor imagery improves learning of activities of daily living in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. PLOS ONE 18:5, pages e0284086.
Crossref
Sandra Elaine Moritz. (2023) Translating the applied model of deliberate imagery use to esports. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:s1.
Crossref
Mark A. Rerick & Sandra Elaine Moritz. (2023) Coaches as teachers and facilitators of esports imagery use. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:s1.
Crossref
Melanie J. Gregg. (2023) Getting the most out of imagery: PETTLEP and ESports. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:s1.
Crossref
Jennifer Cumming & Mary L. Quinton. (2023) Developing imagery ability in esport athletes using layered stimulus response training. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:s1.
Crossref
Jack Aaron Binks, Jonathan Reyes Emerson, Matthew William Scott, Christopher Wilson, Paul van Schaik & Daniel Lloyd Eaves. (2023) Enhancing upper-limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke survivors using combined action observation and motor imagery therapy. Frontiers in Neurology 14.
Crossref
Bin-Bin Fang, Frank J.H. Lu, Diane L. Gill, Yi-Hsiang Chiu, Yi-Chia Cheng, Ming-Hui Hsieh & Zhiyang Zhang. (2023) Interactive effects of dispositional mindfulness and PETTLEP imagery training on basketball shooting performance: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 65, pages 102366.
Crossref
Barbara Seebacher, Markus Reindl & Turhan Kahraman. (2023) Factors and strategies affecting motor imagery ability in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 118, pages 64-78.
Crossref
Anna Clarke & Per-Olof Gutman. (2023) An automatic control system with human-in-the-loop for training skydiving maneuvers: Proof-of-concept experiment. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 170, pages 102960.
Crossref
Marie Martel & Scott Glover. (2023) TMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects the timing of motor imagery but not overt action: Further support for the motor-cognitive model. Behavioural Brain Research 437, pages 114125.
Crossref
Stephan Frederic Dahm, Matthias Weigelt & Martina Rieger. (2022) Sequence representations after action-imagery practice of one-finger movements are effector-independent. Psychological Research 87:1, pages 210-225.
Crossref
Dawn-Marie Armstrong. (2023) A systematic review utilising Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) to explore the use of imagery interventions in youth sport. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:1.
Crossref
Sho Itoh, Tony Morris & Michael Spittle. (2023) Examining duration in the imagery dose-response relationship. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:1.
Crossref
Veronika Korim & Bronislava Strnádelová. (2023) The effect of imagery on performance and level of self-criticism of athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 18:1.
Crossref
Hesam Ramezanzade, Georgian Badicu, Stefania Cataldi, Fateme Parimi, Sahar Mohammadzadeh, Mahya Mohamadtaghi, Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani & Gianpiero Greco. (2023) Sonification of Motor Imagery in the Basketball Jump Shot: Effect on Muscle Activity Amplitude. Applied Sciences 13:3, pages 1495.
Crossref
Cornelia Frank, Sarah N. Kraeutner, Martina Rieger & Shaun G. Boe. (2023) Learning motor actions via imagery—perceptual or motor learning?. Psychological Research.
Crossref
Joan Vives-Ribó & Carmen Costa-Sánchez. (2023) Uso de la práctica imaginada para el afrontamiento de la competición en piragüismo slalom. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico 7:2.
Crossref
Dieter Hackfort & York-Peter Klöppel. 2023. Bewegung, Training, Leistung und Gesundheit. Bewegung, Training, Leistung und Gesundheit 965 975 .
Jennifer E. Carter & Joshua L. Norman. 2023. Endurance Sports Medicine. Endurance Sports Medicine 373 385 .
Kelsey L. Griffith, Chelsea Butters Wooding, Erika D. Van Dyke & Peter Kadushin. 2023. Psychological Considerations in the Young Athlete. Psychological Considerations in the Young Athlete 215 241 .
Jan Mayer, Hans-Dieter Hermann & Adam Beavan. 2023. Sport and Exercise Psychology. Sport and Exercise Psychology 513 530 .
Robert Weinberg & Joanne Butt. 2023. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching 943 963 .
Samantha Chye, Ashika Chembila Valappil, David J. Wright, Cornelia Frank, David A. Shearer, Christopher J. Tyler, Ceri E. Diss, Omar S. Mian, Neale A. Tillin & Adam M. Bruton. (2022) The effects of combined action observation and motor imagery on corticospinal excitability and movement outcomes: Two meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 143, pages 104911.
Crossref
Björn Wieland, Michael Behringer & Karen Zentgraf. (2022) Effects of motor imagery training on skeletal muscle contractile properties in sports science students. PeerJ 10, pages e14412.
Crossref
Typhanie Dos Anjos, Aymeric Guillot, Yann Kerautret, Sébastien Daligault & Franck Di Rienzo. (2022) Corticomotor Plasticity Underlying Priming Effects of Motor Imagery on Force Performance. Brain Sciences 12:11, pages 1537.
Crossref
Joanna Mencel, Jarosław Marusiak, Anna Jaskólska, Łukasz Kamiński, Marek Kurzyński, Andrzej Wołczowski, Artur Jaskólski & Katarzyna Kisiel-Sajewicz. (2022) Motor imagery training of goal-directed reaching in relation to imagery of reaching and grasping in healthy people. Scientific Reports 12:1.
Crossref
Niklas Cederström, Eva Ageberg & Simon Granér. (2022) Lived experiences of patients undergoing treatment for traumatic knee injury using integrated psychological training (MOTIFS) in the context of care-as-usual training: a phenomenological interview study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8:4, pages e001409.
Crossref
Satoshi Aikawa & Hideaki Takai. (2022) Effects of Imagery Training on Imagery Ability and Performanceイメージトレーニングがイメージ能力とパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響. Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology 49:2, pages 169-183.
Crossref
Giovanni Morone, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Claudia Pulcini, Emanuele Spangu, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, Marialuisa Martelli, Grazia Fernanda Spitoni, Valentina Russo, Irene Ciancarelli, Stefano Paolucci & Marco Iosa. (2022) Motor Imagery and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review on the PETTLEP Model. Applied Sciences 12:19, pages 9753.
Crossref
Jessica Galli, Gioacchino Garofalo, Sara Brunetti, Erika Loi, Michela Portesi, Giovanni Pelizzari, Andrea Rossi, Elisa Fazzi & Giovanni Buccino. (2022) Children with Cerebral Palsy can imagine actions like their normally developed peers. Frontiers in Neurology 13.
Crossref
Tony Morris. (2022) Editorial for special issue on imagery in sport and exercise. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 67-69.
Crossref
Ting-Hong Chien, Jo-Yun Chen, Szu-Yu Chen & Li-Kang Chi. (2022) Effects of different PETTLEP imagery training methods on high school basketball players’ jump-shot performance, self-confidence and anxiety. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 114-121.
Crossref
Aymeric Guillot, Ursula Debarnot, Yann Monarchi-Comte & Franck Di Rienzo. (2022) Questioning the transfer effect of motor imagery benefits: The neglected variable of interest. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 91-98.
Crossref
Jennifer Cumming & Mary L. Quinton. (2022) Improving the reporting of sport imagery interventions with TIDieR. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 80-90.
Crossref
Matthew W. Scott, David J. Wright, Dave Smith & Paul S. Holmes. (2022) Twenty years of PETTLEP imagery: An update and new direction for simulation-based training. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 70-79.
Crossref
Krista J. Munroe-Chandler & Irene L. Muir. (2022) The impact of training frequency on young dancers’ imagery use and ability. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 99-105.
Crossref
Sho Itoh, Tony Morris & Michael Spittle. (2022) Examining the frequency variable in the imagery dose-response relationship. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 122-130.
Crossref
Björn Wieland, Marie-Therese Fleddermann & Karen Zentgraf. (2022) Acute effects of real and imagined endurance exercise on sustained attention performance. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
Crossref
Dagmara Budnik-Przybylska, Izabela Huzarska & Karol Karasiewicz. (2022) Does Imagery Ability Matter for the Relationship Between Temperament and Self-Confidence in Team and Individual Sport Disciplines?. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
Crossref
Matteo Gatti, Rocco Palumbo, Alberto Di Domenico & Nicola Mammarella. (2022) Simulating Extreme Environmental Conditions via Mental Imagery: The Case of Microgravity and Weight Estimation. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
Crossref
Masahiro Yamada, Lauren Q. Higgins & Louisa Raisbeck. (2021) How external and internal focus are used in the field: A review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 17:3, pages 647-654.
Crossref
Takahiro Sugi, Anda-Maria Nițu & Masami Ishihara. (2022) The Effect of Simulating Climbing Movements on Rock Memory and Exploratory Movement in Rock Climbing. Perceptual and Motor Skills 129:3, pages 528-553.
Crossref
Sònia Pineda-Hernández. (2022) How to play under pressure: EEG monitoring of mental activation training in a professional tennis player. Physiology & Behavior 250, pages 113784.
Crossref
Chi-Hsian Lin, Frank J.H. Lu, Diane L. Gill, Ken Shih-Kuei Huang, Shu-Ching Wu & Yi-Hsiang Chiu. (2022) Combinations of action observation and motor imagery on golf putting’s performance. PeerJ 10, pages e13432.
Crossref
Amin Amini, Sadeq Porali fatide, Maryam Salehi, Sahar Avazpour & Abdolkarin ghabelnezam. (2022) Effect of mental imagery and motor representation strategies on acquisition and retention of shooting skills: a RCT trial. Humanistic Approach to Sport and Exercise Studies (HASES) 2:2, pages 0-0.
Crossref
Ogün Köyağasıoğlu, Cengizhan Özgürbüz, Cem Şeref Bediz, Çağdaş Güdücü, Ramazan Aydınoğlu & Tolga Akşit. (2022) The Effects of Virtual Reality Nonphysical Mental Training on Balance Skills and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Activity in Healthy Adults. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 31:4, pages 428-441.
Crossref
Krista J. Munroe-Chandler, Irene L. Muir & Frank O. Ely. (2022) Inspired by Imagination: How Imagery Can Help You Be Better at Sport. Frontiers for Young Minds 10.
Crossref
Sònia Pineda-Hernández. (2022) Playing under pressure: EEG monitoring of activation in professional tennis players. Physiology & Behavior 247, pages 113723.
Crossref
Björn Wieland, Michael Behringer & Karen Zentgraf. (2022) Motor imagery and the muscle system. International Journal of Psychophysiology 174, pages 57-65.
Crossref
Barbara Seebacher, Birgit Helmlinger, Daniela Pinter, Rainer Ehling, Harald Hegen, Stefan Ropele, Gernot Reishofer, Christian Enzinger, Christian Brenneis & Florian Deisenhammer. (2022) Effects of actual and imagined music-cued gait training on motor functioning and brain activity in people with multiple sclerosis: protocol of a randomised parallel multicentre trial. BMJ Open 12:2, pages e056666.
Crossref
Jonathan R. Emerson, Matthew W. Scott, Paul van Schaik, Natalie Butcher, Ryan P. W. Kenny & Daniel L. Eaves. (2022) A neural signature for combined action observation and motor imagery? An fNIRS study into prefrontal activation, automatic imitation, and self–other perceptions. Brain and Behavior 12:2.
Crossref
Matúš Slančo. (2022) The effects of imagery training on free-throw accuracy among young basketball players. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 17:1.
Crossref
Alexandre Coutté, Agathe Harle & Laura Dias Da Silva. (2022) Influence of imagery-based suggestions on performance during the training of professional firefighters. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 17:1.
Crossref
Miriam Wanner, Gudrun Schönherr, Stefan Kiechl, Michael Knoflach, Christoph Müller & Barbara Seebacher. (2022) Feasibility of an individualised, task-oriented, video-supported home exercise programme for arm function in patients in the subacute phase after stroke: protocol of a randomised controlled pilot study. BMJ Open 12:1, pages e051504.
Crossref
Maya Trajkovski & Aubrey Newland. (2022) The Effects of an Exploratory Mindfulness Intervention on Collegiate Performance. The Sport Psychologist, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Heide Korbus & Nadja Schott. (2022) Does mental practice or mirror therapy help prevent functional loss after distal radius fracture? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy 35:1, pages 86-96.
Crossref
Pietro Morasso & Vishwanathan Mohan. (2022) Pinocchio: A language for action representation. Cognitive Robotics 2, pages 119-131.
Crossref
Nick Bowman, Yen-Hui Alex Hsu & Lindsey Jean Resignato. 2022. Perceptions of East Asian and Asian North American Athletics. Perceptions of East Asian and Asian North American Athletics 23 51 .
François Delaquaize. 2022. Hand and Wrist Therapy. Hand and Wrist Therapy 169 193 .
Robert Weinberg & Joanne Butt. 2020. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching 1 21 .
Joanna Krawiec & Dagmara Budnik-Przybylska. (2021) Models of injury and practical tips for using imagery in rehabilitation. Studies in Sport Humanities 29, pages 57-66.
Crossref
Julie J. Kim, Daniel Howes, Chantal Forristal & Andrew Willmore. (2021) The Code Silver Exercise: a low-cost simulation alternative to prepare hospitals for an active shooter event. Advances in Simulation 6:1.
Crossref
Niklas Cederström, Simon Granér, Gustav Nilsson, Rickard Dahan & Eva Ageberg. (2021) Motor Imagery to Facilitate Sensorimotor Re-Learning (MOTIFS) after traumatic knee injury: study protocol for an adaptive randomized controlled trial. Trials 22:1.
Crossref
Mohamed-Ali Dhouibi, Imed Miladi, Ghazi Racil, Sabra Hammoudi & Jeremy Coquart. (2021) The Effects of Sporting and Physical Practice on Visual and Kinesthetic Motor Imagery Vividness: A Comparative Study Between Athletic, Physically Active, and Exempted Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Bruce W Hardy. (2021) Embodied Cognition in Communication Science. Communication Theory 31:4, pages 633-653.
Crossref
Hsiao-Hsien Lin, Tzu-Yun Lin, Ying Ling & Chih-Cheng Lo. (2021) Influence of Imagery Training on Adjusting the Pressure of Fin Swimmers, Improving Sports Performance and Stabilizing Psychological Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:22, pages 11767.
Crossref
ANTONIO DELLO IACONO, KURTIS ASHCROFT & DAMIR ZUBAC. (2021) Ain’t Just Imagination! Effects of Motor Imagery Training on Strength and Power Performance of Athletes during Detraining. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53:11, pages 2324-2332.
Crossref
Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj. (2020) Music performance anxiety and pre-performance emotions in the light of psychology of emotion and emotion regulation. Psychology of Music 49:6, pages 1758-1774.
Crossref
Anatoly N. Vasilyev, Yury O. Nuzhdin & Alexander Y. Kaplan. (2021) Does Real-Time Feedback Affect Sensorimotor EEG Patterns in Routine Motor Imagery Practice?. Brain Sciences 11:9, pages 1234.
Crossref
Frank Behrendt, Valerie Zumbrunnen, Lynn Brem, Zorica Suica, Szabina Gäumann, Carina Ziller, Ulrich Gerth & Corina Schuster-Amft. (2021) Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:18, pages 9467.
Crossref
Andrew P. Friesen. (2021) A Survey of Applied Impact of Literature in Sport Psychology. The Sport Psychologist 35:3, pages 250-258.
Crossref
Paula Maria Di Nota, Joseph Arpaia, Evelyn Carol Boychuk, Peter I. Collins & Judith Pizarro Andersen. (2021) Testing the Efficacy of a 1-Day Police Decision-Making and Autonomic Modulation Intervention: A Quasi-Random Pragmatic Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Fusco A, Iosa M, Tucci L, Morone G, Coraci D, Padua L, Gallotta Mc, Guidetti L & Baldari C. (2021) Dynamic locomotor imagery in athletes with severe visual impairments. New Ideas in Psychology 62, pages 100855.
Crossref
Matthew W. Scott, Greg Wood, Paul S. Holmes, Jacqueline Williams, Ben Marshall & David J. Wright. (2021) Combined action observation and motor imagery: An intervention to combat the neural and behavioural deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 127, pages 638-646.
Crossref
Thiago Ferreira Dias Kanthack, Aymeric Guillot, Yoann Blache & Franck Di Rienzo. (2021) Revisiting the acute effects of resistance exercise on motor imagery ability. Behavioural Brain Research 412, pages 113441.
Crossref
Turhan Kahraman, Derya Ozer Kaya, Tayfun Isik, Sukriye Cansu Gultekin & Barbara Seebacher. (2021) Feasibility of motor imagery and effects of activating and relaxing practice on autonomic functions in healthy young adults: A randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded, pilot trial. PLOS ONE 16:7, pages e0254666.
Crossref
Francesco Agostini, Letizia Pezzi, Marco Paoloni, Roberta Insabella, Carmine Attanasi, Andrea Bernetti, Raoul Saggini, Massimiliano Mangone & Teresa Paolucci. (2021) Motor Imagery: A Resource in the Fatigue Rehabilitation for Return-to-Work in Multiple Sclerosis Patients—A Mini Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neurology 12.
Crossref
Mary S. L. Goble, Nicholas Raison, Ayah Mekhaimar, Prokar Dasgupta & Kamran Ahmed. (2021) Adapting Motor Imagery Training Protocols to Surgical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surgical Innovation 28:3, pages 329-351.
Crossref
Ursula Debarnot, Aurore. A. Perrault, Virginie Sterpenich, Guillaume Legendre, Chieko Huber, Aymeric Guillot & Sophie Schwartz. (2021) Motor imagery practice benefits during arm immobilization. Scientific Reports 11:1.
Crossref
Kyle R. Milley & Gene P. Ouellette. (2021) Putting Attention on the Spot in Coaching: Shifting to an External Focus of Attention With Imagery Techniques to Improve Basketball Free-Throw Shooting Performance. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Dominic G McNeil, Michael Spittle & Einar B Thorsteinsson. (2020) Effect of task complexity on ipsilateral motor response programming to physically presented and imagined stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74:4, pages 760-770.
Crossref
Tara Packham. (2021) Desensibilisierung oder Sensibilitätstraining?. Praxis Handreha 2:02, pages 66-73.
Crossref
Maurizio Bertollo, Fabio Forzini, Sara Biondi, Massimiliano Di Liborio, Maria Grazia Vaccaro, Emmanouil Georgiadis & Cristiana Conti. (2021) How Does a Sport Psychological Intervention Help Professional Cyclists to Cope With Their Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown?. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Deniz Bedir & Süleyman Erim Erhan. (2021) The Effect of Virtual Reality Technology on the Imagery Skills and Performance of Target-Based Sports Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
Crossref
Ana Gil-Bermejo-Bernardez-Zerpa, Jose A. Moral-Munoz, David Lucena-Anton & Carlos Luque-Moreno. (2021) Effectiveness of Motor Imagery on Motor Recovery in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:2, pages 498.
Crossref
Amanda Rymal, Christopher Hill & Jenny O. 2021. Essentials of exercise and sport psychology: An open access textbook. Essentials of exercise and sport psychology: An open access textbook 454 478 .
Robert Weinberg & Joanne Butt. 2020. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching. International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching 1 21 .
Felice Sirico, Veronica Romano, Anna Maria Sacco, Immacolata Belviso, Vittoria Didonna, Daria Nurzynska, Clotilde Castaldo, Stefano Palermi, Giuseppe Sannino, Elisabetta Della Valle, Stefania Montagnani & Franca Di Meglio. (2020) Effect of Video Observation and Motor Imagery on Simple Reaction Time in Cadet Pilots. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5:4, pages 89.
Crossref
Emilie Freitas, Arnaud Saimpont, Yoann Blache & Ursula Debarnot. (2020) Acquisition and consolidation of sequential footstep movements with physical and motor imagery practice. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30:12, pages 2477-2484.
Crossref
Soghra EbrahimiSani, Mehdi Sohrabi, Hamidreza Taheri, Mohammad Tagi Agdasi & Shahrokh Amiri. (2020) Effects of virtual reality training intervention on predictive motor control of children with DCD – A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities 107, pages 103768.
Crossref
Frank J.H. Lu, Diane L. Gill, Yu-Chen Lee, Yi-Hsiang Chiu, Sean Liu & Hong-Yu Liu. (2020) Effects of visualized PETTLEP imagery on the basketball 3-point shot: A comparison of internal and external perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 51, pages 101765.
Crossref
Svenja A. Wolf, Silvan Steiner, Nina Jokuschies & Tobias Hesselmann. (2020) Zusammen sind wir stärker. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 27:4, pages 139-152.
Crossref
Björn Wieland, Michael Behringer & Karen Zentgraf. (2020) WITHDRAWN: Motor imagery and the muscle system. International Journal of Psychophysiology 156, pages 87-92.
Crossref
Sarah N. Kraeutner, Alexandra Stratas, Jennifer L. McArthur, Carl A. Helmick, David A. Westwood & Shaun G. Boe. (2020) Neural and Behavioral Outcomes Differ Following Equivalent Bouts of Motor Imagery or Physical Practice. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32:8, pages 1590-1606.
Crossref
Nicolas Robin, Lucette Toussaint, Eric Joblet, Emmanuel Roublot & Guillaume R. Coudevylle. (2020) The Beneficial Influence of Combining Motor Imagery and Coach’s Feedback on Soccer Pass Accuracy in Intermediate Players. Journal of Motor Learning and Development 8:2, pages 262-279.
Crossref
Takahiro Hirao & Hiroaki Masaki. (2020) The Effects of Computer-Based and Motor-Imagery Training on Scoring Ability in Lacrosse. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
Crossref
Turhan Kahraman, Sema Savci, Asiye Tuba Ozdogar, Zumrut Gedik & Egemen Idiman. (2019) Physical, cognitive and psychosocial effects of telerehabilitation-based motor imagery training in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 26:5, pages 251-260.
Crossref
Matthew William Scott, Jonathan Reyes Emerson, John Dixon, Martin Andrew Tayler & Daniel Lloyd Eaves. (2020) Motor imagery during action observation enhances imitation of everyday rhythmical actions in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science 71, pages 102620.
Crossref
Aymeric Guillot. 2020. The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination. The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination 207 226 .
Thomas Schack. 2020. Handbook of Sport Psychology. Handbook of Sport Psychology 513 534 .

Displaying 200 of 373 citing articles. Use the download link below to view the full list of citing articles.

Download full citations list

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.