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Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Volume 50, 2000 - Issue 10
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Technical Paper

Characterization of Emissions from Diffusion Flare Systems

Mel T. Strosher Alberta Research Council, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Pages 1723-1733 | Published online: 27 Dec 2011

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Vijaya Damodara, Daniel H. Chen, Helen H. Lou, Kader M.A. Rasel, Peyton Richmond, Anan Wang & Xianchang Li. (2017) Reduced combustion mechanism for C1–C4 hydrocarbons and its application in computational fluid dynamics flare modeling. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 67:5, pages 599-612.
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Matthew R. Johnson & Adam R. Coderre. (2012) Compositions and greenhouse gas emission factors of flared and vented gas in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 62:9, pages 992-1002.
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James D.N. McEwen & Matthew R. Johnson. (2012) Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 62:3, pages 307-321.
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Birnur Buzcu-Guven & Robert Harriss. (2012) Extent, impacts and remedies of global gas flaring and venting. Carbon Management 3:1, pages 95-108.
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Matthew R. Johnson & Adam R. Coderre. (2011) An Analysis of Flaring and Venting Activity in the Alberta Upstream Oil and Gas Industry. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 61:2, pages 190-200.
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M. S. Lawal, M. Fairweather, D. B. Ingham, L. Ma, M. Pourkashanian & A. Williams. (2010) Numerical Study of Emission Characteristics of a Jet Flame in Cross-Flow. Combustion Science and Technology 182:10, pages 1491-1510.
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G.P. SONG, N. PAPANIKOLAOU & A.A. MOHAMAD*. (2004) FLAME STABILITY WITH ELLIPTICAL NOZZLESIN A CROSSFLOW. Combustion Science and Technology 176:3, pages 359-379.
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Matteo Molteni, Gary WalkerDixit Parmar, Mike SuttonPeter Licence & Simon Woodward. (2023) Can “Electric Flare Stacks” Reduce CO 2 Emissions? A Case Study with Nonthermal Plasma . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 62:46, pages 19649-19657.
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Zachary R. Milani, Bradley M. Conrad, Cameron S. Roth & Matthew R. Johnson. (2023) Fence-Line Spectroscopic Measurements Suggest Carry-Over of Salt-Laden Aerosols into Flare Systems Is Common. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 10:11, pages 1068-1074.
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Abel Clemente-Reyes, Cecilia Martin-Del-Campo, Pamela F. Nelson & Alfonso Duran-Moreno. (2023) A comparative assessment of open flame flares and enclosed ground flares for cleaner and safer hydrocarbon production in Mexico. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 16, pages 100671.
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Mark Agerton, Ben Gilbert & Gregory B. UptonJr.Jr.. (2023) The Economics of Natural Gas Flaring and Methane Emissions in US Shale: An Agenda for Research and Policy. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 17:2, pages 251-273.
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Yujing Wang, Hua Zhang, Haihua Zhang, Xinyue Kang, Xiangyu Xu, Ruiheng Wang, Huihuang Zou, Wenwen Chen, Duo Pan, Fan Lü & Pinjing He. (2023) Flare exhaust: An underestimated pollution source in municipal solid waste landfills. Chemosphere 325, pages 138327.
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S. Mohammad Shojaei, Amir Vahabpour, Amir Ali Saifoddin & Roghayeh Ghasempour. (2022) Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from Iran's gas flaring by using satellite data and combustion equations. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 19:3, pages 735-748.
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Gunnar W. Schade & Emma N. Heienickle. (2023) Passive Hydrocarbon Sampling in a Shale Oil and Gas Production Area Shows Spatially Heterogeneous Air Toxics Exposure Based on Type and Proximity to Emission Sources. Atmosphere 14:4, pages 744.
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M. Zamani, E. Abbasi-Atibeh, J.S. Olfert & L.W. Kostiuk. (2022) Co-flow jet diffusion flames in a multi-slot burner: Flow field and emissions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 167, pages 686-694.
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Damon C. Burtt, Darcy J. Corbin, Joshua R. Armitage, Brian M. Crosland, A. Melina Jefferson, Gregory A. Kopp, Larry W. Kostiuk & Matthew R. Johnson. (2022) A methodology for quantifying combustion efficiencies and species emission rates of flares subjected to crosswind. Journal of the Energy Institute 104, pages 124-132.
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Shyrlene L. A. Oliveira & Sergio M. Corrêa. (2022) Atmospheric odor dispersion from oil refinery flare system: a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194:8.
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Gunnar W. Schade. (2021) Standardized Reporting Needed to Improve Accuracy of Flaring Data. Energies 14:20, pages 6575.
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Scott P. Seymour & Matthew R. Johnson. (2021) Species correlation measurements in turbulent flare plumes: considerations for field measurements. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14:7, pages 5179-5197.
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M. Zamani, E. Abbasi-Atibeh, S. Mobaseri, H. Ahsan, A. Ahsan, J.S. Olfert & L.W. Kostiuk. (2021) An experimental study on the carbon conversion efficiency and emission indices of air and steam co-flow diffusion jet flames. Fuel 287, pages 119534.
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Lara J. Cushing, Kate Vavra-Musser, Khang Chau, Meredith Franklin & Jill E. Johnston. (2020) Flaring from Unconventional Oil and Gas Development and Birth Outcomes in the Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas. Environmental Health Perspectives 128:7.
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Rose Alani, Davies Nwude, Adaeze Joseph & Olumide Akinrinade. (2020) Impact of gas flaring on surface and underground water: a case study of Anieze and Okwuibome areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192:3.
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Geoffrey S. Roest & Gunnar W. Schade. (2020) Air quality measurements in the western Eagle Ford Shale. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 8.
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Katherine Ann Willyard & Gunnar W. Schade. (2019) Flaring in two Texas shale areas: Comparison of bottom-up with top-down volume estimates for 2012 to 2015. Science of The Total Environment 691, pages 243-251.
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Meredith Franklin, Khang Chau, Lara J. Cushing & Jill E. Johnston. (2019) Characterizing Flaring from Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations in South Texas Using Satellite Observations. Environmental Science & Technology 53:4, pages 2220-2228.
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Gunnar W. Schade & Geoffrey Roest. (2018) Source apportionment of non-methane hydrocarbons, NOx and H2S data from a central monitoring station in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 6.
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Anchal Jatale, Philip J. Smith, Jeremy N. Thornock, Sean T. Smith & Michal Hradisky. (2016) A Validation of Flare Combustion Efficiency Predictions From Large Eddy Simulations. Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification 1:2.
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Gunnar W. Schade & Geoffrey Roest. (2016) Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4.
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Darcy J. Corbin & Matthew R. Johnson. (2014) Detailed Expressions and Methodologies for Measuring Flare Combustion Efficiency, Species Emission Rates, and Associated Uncertainties. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53:49, pages 19359-19369.
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Stefan Schwietzke, W. Michael Griffin, H. Scott Matthews & Lori M. P. Bruhwiler. (2014) Global Bottom-Up Fossil Fuel Fugitive Methane and Ethane Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Modeling. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2:8, pages 1992-2001.
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M. Davoudi, M.R. Rahimpour, S.M. Jokar, F. Nikbakht & H. Abbasfard. (2013) The major sources of gas flaring and air contamination in the natural gas processing plants: A case study. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 13, pages 7-19.
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Vincent M. Torres, Scott Herndon, Zach Kodesh & David T. Allen. (2012) Industrial Flare Performance at Low Flow Conditions. 1. Study Overview. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51:39, pages 12559-12568.
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O. S. Ismail & G. E. Umukoro. (2012) Global Impact of Gas Flaring. Energy and Power Engineering 04:04, pages 290-302.
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Matthew R. Johnson, Robin W. Devillers, Chen Yang & Kevin A. Thomson. (2010) Sky-Scattered Solar Radiation Based Plume Transmissivity Measurement to Quantify Soot Emissions from Flares. Environmental Science & Technology 44:21, pages 8196-8202.
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Luca NizzettoRainer LohmannRosalinda GioiaAnnika JahnkeChristian TemmeJordi DachsPierre HerckesAntonio Di GuardoKevin C. Jones. (2008) PAHs in Air and Seawater along a North–South Atlantic Transect: Trends, Processes and Possible Sources. Environmental Science & Technology 42:5, pages 1580-1585.
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James Argo. (2007) Chronic Disease and Early Exposure to Air-Borne Mixtures. 2. Exposure Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 41:20, pages 7185-7191.
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F.A. Akeredolu & J.A. Sonibare. (2004) A review of the usefulness of gas flares in air pollution control. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 15:6, pages 574-583.
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M.R. Johnson & L.W. Kostiuk. (2002) A parametric model for the efficiency of a flare in crosswind. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29:2, pages 1943-1950.
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Mark Agerton, Ben Gilbert & Gregory Upton. (2020) The Economics of Natural Gas Flaring: An Agenda for Research and Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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