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Original Articles

The Experience of Stigma in the Lives of Male Internet Escorts

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Pages 13-32 | Published online: 22 Oct 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (29)

Vicky Bungay, Adrian Guta, Colleen Varcoe, Allie Slemon, Eli Manning, Scott Comber & Melissa Perri. (2023) Gaps in health research related to sex work: an analysis of Canadian health research funding. Critical Public Health 33:1, pages 72-82.
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Kahlia McCausland, Roanna Lobo, Mattea Lazarou, Jonathan Hallett, Julie Bates, Basil Donovan & Linda A. Selvey. (2022) ‘It is stigma that makes my work dangerous’: experiences and consequences of disclosure, stigma and discrimination among sex workers in Western Australia. Culture, Health & Sexuality 24:2, pages 180-195.
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Michael G. Curtis, Carissa D’Aniello, Markie L. C. Twist, Barbara G. Brents & Brandon Eddy. (2021) ‘We are naked waitresses who deliver sex’: a phenomenological study of circumstantial sex workers’ lives. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 36:4, pages 438-464.
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Catherine Tomko, Danielle Friedman Nestadt, Saba Rouhani, Bradley E. Silberzahn, Katherine Haney, Ju Nyeong Park, Noya Galai, Carmen H. Logie & Susan G. Sherman. (2021) Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Internalized Sex Work Stigma Scale among a Cohort of Cisgender Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The Journal of Sex Research 58:6, pages 713-723.
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Cecilia Benoit, Renay Maurice, Gillian Abel, Michaela Smith, Mikael Jansson, Priscilla Healey & Douglas Magnuson. (2020) ‘I dodged the stigma bullet’: Canadian sex workers’ situated responses to occupational stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality 22:1, pages 81-95.
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Katie Bloomquist & Eric Sprankle. (2019) Sex worker affirmative therapy: conceptualization and case study. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 34:3, pages 392-408.
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Cecilia Benoit, S. Mikael Jansson, Michaela Smith & Jackson Flagg. (2018) Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers. The Journal of Sex Research 55:4-5, pages 457-471.
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Cecilia Benoit, Michaela Smith, Mikael Jansson, Samantha Magnus, Jackson Flagg & Renay Maurice. (2018) Sex work and three dimensions of self-esteem: self-worth, authenticity and self-efficacy. Culture, Health & Sexuality 20:1, pages 69-83.
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Richard Allan Tewksbury & David Lapsey. (2017) Male Escorts' Construction of the Boyfriend Experience: How Escorts Please Their Clients. International Journal of Sexual Health 29:4, pages 292-302.
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Elizabeth Manning & Vicky Bungay. (2017) ‘Business before pleasure’: the golden rule of sex work, payment schedules and gendered experiences of violence. Culture, Health & Sexuality 19:3, pages 338-351.
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Pedro Salmerón-Sánchez, Rafael Ballester-Arnal, M. Dolores Gil-Llario & Vicente Morell-Mengual. (2017) Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Sensation Seeking: A Preliminary Approach Among Male Sex Workers Compared to Gay Men in Spain. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 43:1, pages 56-67.
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Raven Bowen & Vicky Bungay. (2016) Taint: an examination of the lived experiences of stigma and its lingering effects for eight sex industry experts. Culture, Health & Sexuality 18:2, pages 184-197.
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Christian Grov, Raymond L. Moody & Hawk Kinkaid. (2015) Differences in substance use, sexual behavior, and demographic factors by levels of ‘outness’ to friends and family about being a male-for-male escort. International Journal of Sexual Health 27:4, pages 369-382.
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Tania G. Levey & Dina Pinsky. (2015) A Constellation of Stigmas: Intersectional Stigma Management and the Professional Dominatrix. Deviant Behavior 36:5, pages 347-367.
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Christian Grov, Margaret Wolff, MichaelD. Smith, Juline Koken & JeffreyT. Parsons. (2014) Male Clients of Male Escorts: Satisfaction, Sexual Behavior, and Demographic Characteristics. The Journal of Sex Research 51:7, pages 827-837.
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August Capiola, James D. Griffith, Brandon Balotti, Ryan Turner & Mark Sharrah. (2014) Online Escorts: The Influence of Advertised Sexual Orientation. Journal of Bisexuality 14:2, pages 222-235.
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Victor Minichiello, John Scott & Denton Callander. (2013) New Pleasures and Old Dangers: Reinventing Male Sex Work. The Journal of Sex Research 50:3-4, pages 263-275.
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Ine Vanwesenbeeck. (2013) Prostitution Push and Pull: Male and Female Perspectives. The Journal of Sex Research 50:1, pages 11-16.
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MichaelD. Smith, Christian Grov, DavidW. Seal & Peter McCall. (2013) A Social-Cognitive Analysis of How Young Men Become Involved in Male Escorting. The Journal of Sex Research 50:1, pages 1-10.
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Joanna Jamel. (2011) An Investigation of the Incidence of Client-Perpetrated Sexual Violence Against Male Sex Workers. International Journal of Sexual Health 23:1, pages 63-78.
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Voon Chin Phua & Allison Caras. (2008) Personal Brand in Online Advertisements: Comparing White and Brazilian Male Sex Workers. Sociological Focus 41:3, pages 238-255.
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DavidS. Bimbi. (2007) Male Prostitution: Pathology, Paradigms and Progress in Research. Journal of Homosexuality 53:1-2, pages 7-35.
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MichaelW. Ross, SandraC. Timpson, MarkL. Williams, Charles Amos & Anne Bowen. (2007) Stigma Consciousness Concerns Related to Drug Use and Sexuality in a Sample of Street-Based Male Sex Workers. International Journal of Sexual Health 19:2, pages 57-67.
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KimberlyA. Tyler & KatherineA. Johnson. (2006) Trading sex: Voluntary or coerced? The experiences of homeless youth. The Journal of Sex Research 43:3, pages 208-216.
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JulineA. Koken, JeffreyT. Parsons, Joseph Severino & DavidS. Bimbi. (2005) Exploring Commercial Sex Encounters in an Urban Community Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 17:1-2, pages 197-213.
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ToddG. Morrison & BruceW. Whitehead. (2005) Strategies of Stigma Resistance Among Canadian Gay-Identified Sex Workers. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 17:1-2, pages 169-179.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Tamara O’Doherty & Raven Bowen. (2023) Commercial Sex as Valuable? Policy Implications of Sex Workers’ Perspectives on the Contributions of Their Labor. Sexuality Research and Social Policy.
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Toni Daniel, Jessica Lamb & Christine Campbell. (2023) Avoidance and empowerment: How do sex workers navigate stigma?. Sexualities.
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Michael G. Curtis & Joshua L. Boe. (2023) The Lived Experiences of Male Sex Workers: A Global Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. Sexes 4:2, pages 222-255.
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Joshun JS Dulai, Mark Gilbert, Nathan J Lachowsky, Kiffer G Card, Ben Klassen, Jessy Dame, Ann N Burchell, Catherine Worthington, Aidan Ablona, Praney Anand, Ezra Blaque, Heeho Ryu, MacKenzie Stewart, David J Brennan & Daniel Grace. (2023) Acceptability of an existing online sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection testing model among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Ontario, Canada. DIGITAL HEALTH 9, pages 205520762311735.
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Karolynn Siegel, Anne E. Sundelson, Étienne Meunier & Eric W. Schrimshaw. (2022) Perceived Stigma and Stigma Management Strategies Among Online Male Sex Workers. Archives of Sexual Behavior 51:5, pages 2711-2730.
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Helen M Rand. (2022) ‘As straight as they come’: Expressions of masculinities within digital sex markets. Sexualities, pages 136346072210854.
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Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen. (2020) Do Prostitution and Social Vulnerability Go Hand in Hand? Examining the Association Between Social Background and Prostitution Using Register Data. Sociological Research Online 26:3, pages 525-543.
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Jari Kuosmanen & Annelie de Cabo. (2018) Men Selling Sex to Men in Sweden: Balancing Safety and Risk. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36:5-6, pages NP2601-NP2623.
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Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen, Ditte Andersen & Lois Presser. (2019) “Not a Real Prostitute”: Narrative Imagination, Social Policy, and Care for Men who Sell Sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 17:3, pages 442-453.
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Moshoula Capous‐Desyllas & Victoria Loy. (2020) Navigating Intersecting Identities, Self‐Representation, and Relationships: A Qualitative Study with Trans Sex Workers Living and Working in Los Angeles, CA. Sociological Inquiry 90:2, pages 339-370.
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Sarah Kingston & Nicola Smith. (2020) Sex counts: An examination of sexual service advertisements in a UK online directory. The British Journal of Sociology 71:2, pages 328-348.
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Pablo K. Valente, Alberto Edeza, Lynne Klasko-Foster, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Kenneth H. Mayer, Steven A. Safren & Katie B. Biello. (2020) Sexual orientation and social network size moderate associations between stigma and problematic alcohol use among male sex workers in the US Northeast: an observational study. Sexual Health 17:5, pages 429.
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Cecilia Benoit, Michaela Smith, Mikael Jansson, Priscilla Healey & Doug Magnuson. (2018) “The Prostitution Problem”: Claims, Evidence, and Policy Outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior 48:7, pages 1905-1923.
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Navin Kumar. 2019. Methods of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research. Methods of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research 85 99 .
Elena Argento, Matthew Taylor, Jody Jollimore, Chrissy Taylor, James Jennex, Andrea Krusi & Kate Shannon. (2016) The Loss of Boystown and Transition to Online Sex Work: Strategies and Barriers to Increase Safety Among Men Sex Workers and Clients of Men. American Journal of Men's Health 12:6, pages 1994-2005.
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Premala Matthen, Tara Lyons, Matthew Taylor, James Jennex, Solanna Anderson, Jody Jollimore & Kate Shannon. (2016) “I Walked into the Industry for Survival and Came Out of a Closet”. Men and Masculinities 21:4, pages 479-500.
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Ronald Weitzer. (2017) Resistance to sex work stigma. Sexualities 21:5-6, pages 717-729.
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Eric Sprankle, Katie Bloomquist, Cody Butcher, Neil Gleason & Zoe Schaefer. (2017) The Role of Sex Work Stigma in Victim Blaming and Empathy of Sexual Assault Survivors. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 15:3, pages 242-248.
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Giovane Mendieta-Izquierdo. (2018) Percepción de cuerpo y corporalidad en hombres que ejercen prostitución viril en Guadalajara, México. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 23:5, pages 1541-1549.
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Graham Ellison. (2017) Drifters, Party Boys and Incumbents: The Life Patterns of Male Street-based Sex Workers. Sociology 52:2, pages 367-383.
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Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Rosie Campbell, Jane Pitcher & Stewart CunninghamTeela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Rosie Campbell, Jane Pitcher & Stewart Cunningham. 2018. Internet Sex Work. Internet Sex Work 55 85 .
Alexandra Oliveira & Luís Fernandes. (2017) Trabajadores del sexo y salud pública: intersecciones, vulnerabilidades y resistencia. Salud Colectiva 13:2, pages 199.
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Navin Kumar, John Scott & Victor Minichiello. (2017) Masculinity and the Occupational Experience of Male Independent Escorts Who Seek Male Clients. Social Sciences 6:2, pages 58.
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Teela Sanders, Laura Connelly & Laura Jarvis King. (2016) On Our Own Terms: The Working Conditions of Internet-Based Sex Workers in the UK. Sociological Research Online 21:4, pages 133-146.
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James D. Griffith, August Capiola, Brandon Balotti, Christian L. Hart & Ryan Turner. (2016) Online Female Escort Advertisements. Evolutionary Psychology 14:2, pages 147470491665127.
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Vicky Bungay, John Oliffe & Chris Atchison. (2015) Addressing Underrepresentation in Sex Work Research. Qualitative Health Research 26:7, pages 966-978.
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Christian Grov, Carlos E. Rodríguez-Díaz & Gerardo G. Jovet-Toledo. (2015) Male Escorts’ and Male Clients’ Sexual Behavior During Their Last Commercial Sexual Encounter: Comparing and Contrasting Findings from Two Online Studies. Archives of Sexual Behavior 45:4, pages 965-973.
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James D. Griffith, August Capiola & Lucy Gu. 2016. Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations. Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations 353 366 .
Michael D. Smith, Christian Grov, David W. Seal, Nicholas Bernhardt & Peter McCall. (2014) Social–Emotional Aspects of Male Escorting: Experiences of Men Working for an Agency. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44:4, pages 1047-1058.
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Susan Dewey. 2015. Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities. Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities 389 411 .
Christian Grov, Carlos E. Rodríguez-Díaz, Melissa H. Ditmore, Arjee Restar & Jeffrey T. Parsons. (2014) What Kinds of Workshops do Internet-Based Male Escorts Want? Implications for Prevention and Health Promotion. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 11:2, pages 176-185.
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Juline A. Koken. (2011) Independent Female Escort’s Strategies for Coping with Sex Work Related Stigma. Sexuality & Culture 16:3, pages 209-229.
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T M S Neal, B Lichtenstein & S L Brodsky. (2010) Clinical implications of stigma in HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of STD & AIDS 21:3, pages 158-160.
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Ronald Weitzer. (2009) Sociology of Sex Work. Annual Review of Sociology 35:1, pages 213-234.
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Mark L. Williams, Anne M. Bowen, Sandra C. Timpson, Michael W. Ross & John S. Atkinson. (2006) HIV Prevention and Street–Based Male Sex Workers: An Evaluation of Brief Interventions. AIDS Education and Prevention 18:3, pages 204-215.
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