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Original Article

Abuse of Benzodiazepines: The Problems and the Solutions

Pages 1-69 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Read on this site (11)

Maurizio Sessa, Concetta Rafaniello, Liberata Sportiello, Annamaria Mascolo, Cristina Scavone, Alessandra Maccariello, Teresa Iannaccone, Michele Fabrazzo, Liberato Berrino, Francesco Rossi & Annalisa Capuano. (2016) Campania Region (Italy) spontaneous reporting system and preventability assessment through a case-by-case approach: a pilot study on psychotropic drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 15:sup2, pages 9-15.
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Cijo John, Priyankar Ghosh, K.M. Varshney, Sukhminder Kaur, S.K. Shukla & S. Satyanarayana. (2014) DETERMINATION OF CLONAZEPAM IN HAIR AND NAIL USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 37:14, pages 1917-1928.
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Gladys E. Ibañez, Maria A. Levi-Minzi, Khary K. Rigg & Angela D. Mooss. (2013) Diversion of Benzodiazepines Through Healthcare Sources. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45:1, pages 48-56.
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Louisa Degenhardt. (2005) Drug use and risk behaviour among regular ecstasy users: Does sexuality make a difference?. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7:6, pages 599-614.
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George S. Yacoubian$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2003) Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use Among a Sample of Arrestees Surveyed Through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program. Substance Use & Misuse 38:1, pages 127-139.
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GeorgeS. Yacoubian, BlakeJ. Urbach, KristineL. Larsen, ReginaJ. Johnson & RonaldJ. Peters. (2002) Exploring Benzodiazepine Use Among Houston Arrestees. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 34:4, pages 393-399.
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David Best, Alison Noble, Lan-Ho Man, Michael Gossop, Emily Finch & John Strang. (2002) Factors surrounding long-term benzodiazepine prescribing in methadone maintenance clients. Journal of Substance Use 7:3, pages 175-179.
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John Lilja & Sam Larsson. (1994) Social Pharmacology: Unresolved Critical Issues. International Journal of the Addictions 29:13, pages 1647-1737.
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Shane Darke. (1994) The use of benzodiazepines among injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Review 13:1, pages 63-69.
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NormanS. Miller & MarkS. Gold. (1990) Benzodiazepines: Tolerance, Dependence, Abuse, and Addiction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22:1, pages 23-33.
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Articles from other publishers (31)

Jermaine D. Jones, Shanthi Mogali & Sandra D. Comer. (2012) Polydrug abuse: A review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 125:1-2, pages 8-18.
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DANIELLE HORYNIAK, SIOBHAN REDDEL, BRENDAN QUINN & PAUL DIETZE. (2011) The use of alprazolam by people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 31:4, pages 585-590.
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T. R. Srinivas, Raka Jain, Bankat Mani Tripathi, Hem Raj Pal & Yatan Pal Singh Balhara. (2012) Extent of Use and Concordance of Self-report and Urinalysis of Benzodiazepine Abuse. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 11:1, pages 26-35.
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Firas H. Kobeissy, Carolina F. Braga, Noni A. Graham & Mark S. Gold. 2010. Addictive Disorders in Medical Populations. Addictive Disorders in Medical Populations 481 502 .
SHANE DARKE, JOANNE ROSS, KATHERINE MILLS, MAREE TEESSON, ANNA WILLIAMSON & ALYS HAVARD. (2010) Benzodiazepine use among heroin users: Baseline use, current use and clinical outcome. Drug and Alcohol Review 29:3, pages 250-255.
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Stephanie C. Licata & James K. Rowlett. (2008) Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABAA receptor modulation and beyond. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 90:1, pages 74-89.
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Mélina Fatséas, Estelle Lavie, Cécile Denis, Pascale Franques-Rénéric, Jean Tignol & Marc Auriacombe. (2006) Sevrage aux benzodiazépines des sujets dépendants aux opiacés en traitement de substitution. La Presse Médicale 35:4, pages 599-606.
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Shane Darke, Joanne Ross, Maree Teesson & Michael Lynskey. (2003) Health service utilization and benzodiazepine use among heroin users: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Addiction 98:8, pages 1129-1135.
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S.M. Evans & F.R. Levin. (2002) The effects of alprazolam and buspirone in light and moderate female social drinkers. Behavioural Pharmacology 13:5, pages 427-439.
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E.H. Uhlenhuth, M.B. Balter, T.A. Ban & K. Yang. (1999) Trends in recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders by an international expert panel, 1992–1997. European Neuropsychopharmacology 9, pages S393-S398.
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Lance P Longo. (1998) Non-Benzodiazepine Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety And Panic in Substance Abusing Patients. Psychiatric Annals 28:3, pages 142-153.
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Norman S. Miller, Debra L. Klamen & Erminio Costa. 1998. Handbook of Substance Abuse. Handbook of Substance Abuse 485 498 .
M. Farré, M. -T. Terán & J. Camí. (1996) A comparison of the acute behavioral effects of flunitrazepam and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 125:1, pages 1-12.
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Z. Lin & O. Beck. (1995) Procedure for verification of flunitrazepam and nitrazepam intake by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of urine. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 13:4-5, pages 719-722.
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David G Benzer, David E Smith & Norman S Miller. (1995) Detoxification From Benzodiazepine Use: Strategies and Schedules for Clinical Practice. Psychiatric Annals 25:3, pages 180-185.
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Norman S Miller. (1995) Liability and Efficacy From Long-Term Use of Benzodiazepines: Documentation and Interpretation. Psychiatric Annals 25:3, pages 166-173.
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Norman S Miller, Mark S Gold & Karen Stennie. (1995) Benzodiazepines: The Dissociation of Addiction From Pharmacological Dependence/Withdrawal. Psychiatric Annals 25:3, pages 149-152.
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Thor øivind Jensen & David Berner. (1995) The EU challenge: New Organization and Culture around Psychotropic Prescription Drugs in the Nordic Count. Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 12:1_suppl, pages 73-85.
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SHANE DARKE, JOANNE ROSS & JULIA COHEN. (2006) The use of benzodiazepines among regular amphetamine users. Addiction 89:12, pages 1683-1690.
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Shane Darke. (2006) Benzodiazepine use among injecting drug users: problems and implications. Addiction 89:4, pages 379-382.
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Howard B. Moss, Ihsan M. Salloum & Barry Fisher. 1994. Handbook of Aggressive and Destructive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients. Handbook of Aggressive and Destructive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients 175 201 .
S.N. Deshpande & R.S. Nagpal. (1993) Benzodiazepine abuse among female outpatients in India. Addictive Behaviors 18:5, pages 595-596.
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Martin Y. Iguchi, Leonard Handelsman, Warren K. Bickel & Roland R. Griffiths. (1993) Benzodiazepine and sedative use/abuse by methadone maintenance clients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 32:3, pages 257-266.
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Richard C. Shelton, D.Shawn Harvey, Phyleen M. Stewart & Peter T. Loosen. (1993) Alprazolam in panic disorder: A retrospective analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 17:3, pages 423-434.
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Steven M. Juergens. (1993) Benzodiazepines and Addiction. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16:1, pages 75-86.
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Kirk C. Harlow. (1991) Patterns of Prescription Drug Mortality in Texas: 1976–1986. Journal of Drug Issues 21:3, pages 543-555.
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Lorne B. Warneke. (1991) Benzodiazepines: Abuse and New Use. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36:3, pages 194-205.
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Roland R. Griffiths, R. J. Lamb, Christine A. Sannerud, Nancy A. Ator & Joseph V. Brady. (1991) Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other sedative-anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology 103:2, pages 154-161.
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Norman S. Miller & Mark S. GoldNorman S. Miller & Mark S. Gold. 1991. Alcohol. Alcohol 181 198 .
Steven M. Mirin, Roger D. Weiss & Shelly F. Greenfield. 1991. The Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs. The Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs 243 316 .
Y. Chen & M. Lader. (1990) Long-term benzodiazepine treatment: Is it ever justified?. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 5:4, pages 301-312.
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