Screening of Possible In Vitro Neuroprotective, Skin Care, Antihyperglycemic, and Antioxidative Effects of Anchusa undulata L. subsp. hybrida (Ten.) Coutinho from Turkey and Its Fatty Acid Profile

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Total antioxidant (by phosphomolybdate assay), reducing power, antiradical and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanolic extract from A. undulata subsp. hybrida

Assays	Amounts
Total antioxidant activity
Phosphomolybdenum method (mmol AAEs/g extract)^b	1.531 ± 0.055^a
Antiradical activity
DPPH radical (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	2.086 ± 0.102
ABTS cation radical (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	0.112 ± 0.002
Superoxide anion radical (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	0.364 ± 0.001
Nitric oxide radical (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	3.866 ± 0.122
Hydroxyl radical (mmol MEs/g extract)^d	0.208 ± 0.001
Reducing power activity
Iron (III) to iron (II) reduction antioxidant activity (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	0.329 ± 0.014
Cupric ion reducing antioxidant activity (CUPRAC) (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	0.081 ± 0.009
Ferric reducing antioxidant power activity (FRAP) (mmol TEs/g extract)^c	0.425 ± 0.001
Enzyme inhibitory activity
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (μmol GALAEs/g extract)^e	2.238 ± 0.115
Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (μmol GALAEs /g extract)^e	1.239 ± 0.017
Tyrosinase inhibitory activity (mmol KAEs/g extract)^f	0.339 ± 0.004
α-amylase inhibitory activity (mmol ACEs/g extract)^g	0.193 ± 0.006
α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (mmol ACEs/g extract)^g	0.219 ± 0.005

^aValues expressed are means ± S.D. of three parallel measurements; ^bAAEs: ascorbic acid equivalents; ^cTEs: trolox equivalents; ^dMEs: mannitol equivalents; ^eGALAEs: galantamine equivalents; ^fKAEs: kojic acid equivalents; ^gACEs: acarbose equivalents.

FIGURE 1 Extraction yield, total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannin (TCTC), and saponin (TSC) contents of the methanolic extract from Anchusa undulata subsp. hybrida. Gallic acid equivalents (GAEs); quercetin equivalents (QEs); catechin equivalents (CEs); quillaja equivalents (QAEs). Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three parallel measurements.

FIGURE 1 Extraction yield, total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannin (TCTC), and saponin (TSC) contents of the methanolic extract from Anchusa undulata subsp. hybrida. Gallic acid equivalents (GAEs); quercetin equivalents (QEs); catechin equivalents (CEs); quillaja equivalents (QAEs). Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three parallel measurements.

FIGURE 2 Antioxidant activity (%) of the methanolic extract of A. undulata subsp. hybrida and standards at different concentrations measured by β-carotene-linoleic acid method. Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three parallel measurements.

FIGURE 3 Chelating effect (%) of methanolic extract from Anchusa undulata subsp. hybrida at different concentrations. Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three parallel measurements.

TABLE 2 Fatty acid composition of aerial part of Anchusa undulata subsp. hybrida

Fatty acids	Composition (g/100 g of total fatty acids)
C 8:0	0.06 ± 0.01^a
C 10:0	0.10 ± 0.01
C 11:0	0.03 ± 0.01
C 12:0	0.19 ± 0.01
C 13:0	0.13 ± 0.02
C 14:0	2.11 ± 0.02
C 15:0	0.44 ± 0.01
C 16:0	17.50 ± 0.04
C 17:0	0.43 ± 0.04
C 18:0	6.29 ± 0.14
C 19:0	0.42 ± 0.15
C 20:0	0.12 ± 0.10
C 21:0	0.44 ± 0.04
ΣSFA^b	28.26 ± 0.13
C 14:1 ω5	0.13 ± 0.01
C 15:1 ω5	0.07 ± 0.01
C 16:1 ω7	1.16 ± 0.01
C 17:1 ω8	0.20 ± 0.04
C 18:1 ω9	24.30 ± 0.03
C 20:1 ω9	3.43 ± 0.04
ΣMUFA^c	29.29 ± 0.06
C 18:2 ω6	21.19 ± 0.08
C 18:3 ω3	11.71 ± 0.01
C 18:3 ω6	9.40 ± 0.01
C 20:2 ω6	0.15 ± 0.01
ΣPUFA^d	42.45 ± 0.10
ΣUFA^e	71.74 ± 0.16
ΣEFA^f	32.90 ± 0.09
Σω3	11.71 ± 0.01
Σω6	30.74 ± 0.08
ω3/ω6	0.38 ± 0.01
ω6/ω3	2.63 ± 0.01
AI^g	0.36 ± 0.01
TI^h	0.40 ± 0.01
Oil content	0.62

^aValues reported are means ±S.D.; ^bSFA: Saturated fatty acids; ^cMUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids; ^dPUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; ^eUFA: Unsaturated fatty acids; ^fEFA: Essential fatty acids; ^gAI: Atherogenic index, ^hTI: Thrombogenicity index.