Comparative study of the essential oil composition of Salvia urmiensis and its enzyme inhibitory activities linked to diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oils from flowers and leaves of Salvia urmiensis.

	Percentage			RI	Identification
Compounds	Flowers	Leaves	RI^a	lit^b	method
3-Methyl-pentanol	2.4	1.9	838	833	MS
α-Pinene	3.1	1.5	939	932	RI, MS
Camphene	0.7	-	956	946	RI, MS
β-Pinene	6.4	0.2	984	974	RI, MS
Limonene	0.2	-	1033	1024	RI, MS
1,8-Cineol	6.5	1.1	1036	1026	RI, MS
2-Nonanal	-	0.5	1100	1097	RI, MS
n-Decanal	-	0.3	1202	1201	RI, MS
β-Cyclocitral	-	0.1	1225	1217	RI, MS
Pulegone	-	0.3	1244	1233	RI, MS
Bornyl acetate	-	0.2	1291	1287	RI, MS
α-Copaen	-	0.1	1397	1374	RI, MS
β-Bourbonene	-	1.2	1400	1387	RI, MS
α-Gurjunene	0.4	-	1426	1409	RI, MS
E-Caryophyllene	1.0	3.4	1436	1417	RI, MS
γ-Elemene	-	0.3	1443	1434	RI, MS
2,6,10-Trimethyl-Dodecane	4.0	1.3	1461	1450	MS
α-Humulene	-	0.2	1471	1452	RI, MS
Allo-aromadendrene	-	0.2	1479	1458	RI, MS
E-β-Ionone	0.2	0.8	1492	1487	RI, MS
n-Pentadecane	-	0.3	1497	1500	RI, MS
α-Muurolene	0.4	-	1512	1500	RI, MS
δ-Cadinene	1.0	0.2	1534	1522	RI, MS
Caryophyllene oxide	1.6	6.3	1605	1582	RI, MS
Humulene epoxide	-	0.2	1630	1608	RI, MS
Pentadecanone	0.6	0.7	1697	1697	RI, MS
Methyl tetradecanoate	-	1.3	1720	1716	RI, MS
12-Methy, methyl tetradecanoate	-	0.1	1791	1776	MS
Octadecane	0.6	0.8	1795	1800	RI, MS
9-Mctadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester	-	0.5	1803	1806	MS
Methyl pentadecanoate	-	0.6	1819	1823	MS
6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone	55.7	13.0	1845	1846	RI, MS
14-Methyl, methyl pentadecanoate	-	0.1	1884	1886	MS
n-Nonadecane	0.7	0.7	1897	1900	RI, MS
9-Hexadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester	-	0.6	1902	1907	MS
Methyl hexadecanoate	-	17.0	1925	1926	RI, MS
Hexadecanoic acid	1.4	2.6	1964	1968	RI, MS
Eicosane	0.6	0.8	1997	2000	RI, MS
14-Methyl, methyl hexadecanoate	0.2	0.2	2011	2015	MS
16-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	-	0.1	2031	2035	MS
Abietatriene	-	0.1	2042	2055	RI, MS
Methyl linoleate	-	7.5	2047	2061	RI, MS
Ethyl linoleate	-	19.0	2051	2065	RI, MS
Methyl octadecanoate	-	3.1	2061	2098	RI, MS
Heneicosane	0.5	0.3	2099	2100	RI, MS
Docosane	2.4	1.4	2199	2200	RI, MS
Tricosane	0.3	0.4	2298	2300	RI, MS
Monoterpene hydrocarbons	16.9	2.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons	6.8	6.9
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes	1.6	6.5
Aliphatic ketones	56.5	14.5
Alkanes	5.1	4.8
Esters	0.2	50.1
Others	3.6	5.9
Total identified	90.8	91.5

^c Linear retention index on DB-5 column, experimentally determined using homologous series of C₆-C₂₄ alkanes. ^d Linear retention index taken from Adams (2007) and/or NIST 08 (2008).

Figure 1. Chemical structures of the major volatile compounds in the essential oils of S. urmiensis.

Table 2. Enzyme inhibitory activity of the extracts and essential oils of Salvia urmiensis. ^a

Samples	α-Amylase (IC50:µg/mL)	α-Glucosidase (IC50:µg/mL)	Acetylcholinesterase (IC50:µg/mL)	Butyrylcholinesterase (IC50:µg/mL)
Essential oil-Leaves	>1000	>1000	211.3 ± 10.5	422.0 ± 0.1
Essential oil-Flowers	>1000	>1000	44.6 ± 1.8	86.6 ± 4.1
n-hexane	145.3 ± 10.6	85.3 ± 4.8	366.3 ± 23.1	422.3 ± 30.4
Chloroform	97.3 ± 5.3	46.6 ± 2.3	186.6 ± 12.1	212.0 ± 15.5
Methanol	24.0 ± 1.3	8.3 ± 0.5	892.0 ± 25.4	>1000
Reference	33.3 ± 2.2	10.6 ± 0.8	20.3 ± 0.9	25.0 ± 1.1

^a Values expressed are mean ± SEM of three independent experiments.