Nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and biological activities of edible Curcuma species: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Phytoconstituents profile of edible Curcuma species.

Plant species	Plant parts analyzed	Total bioactive compounds	Individual bioactive compounds	References
Curcuma aeruginosa	Rhizome	11	Zedoalactone A and B, zedoarondiol, zedoarol, curcumenol, isocurcumenol, furanodiene, isofuranodiene, germacrone, zederone, and dehydrocurdione	[13,134]
Curcuma amada	Rhizomes	5	Amadannulen, zederone, difurocumenonol, labdane diterpene dialdehyde, and amadaldehyde	[16,20,76,77,135]
Curcuma aromatica	Rhizomes	10	n-Neneitriacontan-14-one, n-pentatriacontan-5-one, curcumapentadecanol, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, ß-sitosterol-3-O-ß-D glucopyranoside, bergamol, α-caryophyllene, isoledene, and agarospirol	[15,136,137]
Curcuma australasica	Rhizomes	3	Sesquiterpene ketones, zederone, and 1(10)-E,4E-furanodien-6-one	[115]
Curcuma caesia	Rhizomes	6	Curcuminoids, camphor, ar-turmerone, guinane, germacrane, and elemane	[56,106,138,139]
Curcuma longa	Rhizomes and leaves	14	Bisacurone, α-turmerone, ß-turmerone, ar-curcumyl alcohol, curcuminoids, coronadiene, cyclocurcumin, 8,12-epoxygermacra-1(10),4,7,11-tetraen-6-one, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester, isopulegol, 2-menthen-1-ol, menth-1-en-9-ol, octahydrocurcumin, and labda-8(17)-12-diene-15,16-dial	[120,140–142]
Curcuma mangga	Rhizomes	19	(E)-15,16-bisnorlabda-8(17),11-dien-13-one, zerumin A and B, β-sitosterol, curcuminoids, 3-buten-2-one,4-[(1R,4aR,8aR)- decahydro-5,5,8-α-trimethyl-2-methylene-1-naphthalenyl]-(3E)-rel, calcaratarin A, communic acid, copallic acid, 14,15,16-trinor-labdan-8,12-diol, 8,12-epoxygermacra-1(10),4,7,11-tetraen-6-one, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester, isopulegol, 2-menthen-1-ol menth-1-en-9-ol, octahydrocurcumin, labda-8(17)-12-diene-15,16-dial, and coronadiene	[120,121,143,144]
Curcuma phaeocaulis	Rhizomes	32	Curcumenol, isocurcumenol, α-spinasterol, curcumin, ß-sitosterin-3-O-glucoside, ar-turmerone, germacrone, (+)-(4S,5S)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curzerenone, phaeocaulisins K-M, phagermadiol, phasalvione, phaeocaudione, phaeocauone, 3-methyl-4-(3-oxo-butyl)-benzoic acid, 8-β-(H)-elema-1,3,7(11)-trien-8,12-lactam, 8-β-methoxy-isogermafurenolide, phaeusmane I, phaeoheptanoxide, phacadinanes A-D, procurcumenol, procurcumadiol, zedoarondiol, phaeocaulisine E, wenyujinin L, phacadinane B, curcumenolactone A, curcumenolactone B, zedoarofuran, curcolonol, 4α-hydroxy-8,12-epoxyeudesma-7,11-diene-1,6-dione, and neolitacumone A	[18,82–84,110,145]
Curcuma pierreana	Rhizomes	1	Germacrone	[85]
Curcuma purpurascens	Rhizomes	8	c-elemene, benzofuran, 6-ethenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-isopropenyl, 3,7-cyclodecadien-1-one,3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-ethylethylidene), curlone, a-elemenone ar-turmerone, and turmerone	[119]
Curcuma xanthorrhiza	Rhizomes	20	α-Curcumene, ar-turmerone, ß-atlantone, germacrone, ß-curcumene, ß-sesquiphellandrene, curzerenone, ß-turmerone, curcumin, mono-demethoxycurcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin, (12R)and(12S)12,13dihydro12,13ʹ-dihydroxyxanthorrhizols, 3ʹ-demethoxycyclocurcumin, furanodiene, germacrone, furanodienone, 13-hydroxygermacrone, ar-turmerone, ar-curcumene, and xanthorrhizol	[87,146–149]
Curcuma zedoaria	Rhizomes	20	Furanodiene, furanodienone, zederone, curzerenone, curzeone, germacrone, 13-hydroxygermacrone, dehydrocurdione, curcumenone, zedoaronediol, 13-hydroxycurzerenone, 1-oxocurzerenone, curcolone, procurcumenol, ermanin, curcumin, mixture of stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione and stigmasta-4,22-dien-3,6-dione, and mixture of 6ß-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one and 6ß-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one	[150,151]

Table 2. Essential oil composition of edible Curcuma species.

Plant species	Plant parts	Major essential oil composition and yield (%)	References
Curcuma aeruginosa	Rhizome	Cycloisolongifolene (35.29%), 8,9-dehydro formyl dihydrocostunolide (22.51%), curcumenol (38.7 %), ß-pinene (27.5%), and ß-eudesmol (3.6%)	[152,153]
Curcuma amada	Rhizome and leaf	Camphor (5.5%), (Z)-β-farnesene (21.9 %), guaia-6,9-diene (19.8%), α-longipinene (14.8%), α-guaiene (14.5%), thymol (4.9%), camphor (17.90%), epi-curzerenone (10.76%), curzerenone (9.53%), isoborneol (7.30%), curzerene (3.95%), camphene (3.57%), borneol (1.87%), furanogermenone (1.77%), camphene hydrate (1.25%), myrcene (88.84%), β-pinene (3.74%), and (E)-β-ocimene (2.61%)	[14,154]
Curcuma angustifolia	Leaf and rhizome	Curzerenone (33.2–72.6%), 14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (18.6%), γ-eudesmol acetate (7.3%), camphor (3.3%), and germacrone (3.3%)	[155]
Curcuma aromatica	Rhizome	Eucalyptol (53.86%), neocurdione (9.89%), linalool (4.24%), camphor (3.14–18.8%), α-terpineol (2.94%), germacrone (2.89–40.46%), α-vatirenene (34.73%), androstan-17-one (13.42%), 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-,(5a) aromadendrene (3.97%), camphene (10.2%), 1,8-cineole (10.1%), borneol (8.2%), and ß-elemene (7.5%)	[153,156,157]
Curcuma leucorrhiza	Rhizome and leaf	Germacrone (9.6–19.7%), curdione (19.1–19.5%), camphor (7.2–8.1%), 1,8-cineole (4.0–7.4%), curzerene (3.0–5.7%), linalool (5.2–5.4%), neo-curdione (2.8–4.6%), and isoborneol (2.0–3.8%)	[66,108]
Curcuma longa	Rhizome	ar-turmerone (20.50%), β-sesquiphellandrene (5.20%), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.11%), cis-β-elemenone (4.32%), isolongifolol (3.98%), geranyl-p-cumene (2.83%), β-turmerone (2.77%), β-curcumene (2.58%), β-vatirenene (2.50%), β-caryophyllene (2.37%), α-curcumene (2.27%), furanodiene (2.24%), γ-curcumene (2.23%), α-turmerone (2.22%), α-cedrene (1.84%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (38.69%), α-curcumene (18.44%), and p-mentha1,4 (8)diene (16.29%)	[17,158]
Curcuma mangga	Rhizome	Myrcene (46.5%), ß-pinene (14.6%), caryophyllene oxide (18.71%), and caryophyllene (12.69%)	[152,159]
Curcuma phaeocaulis	Rhizome	ß-Elemene, curcumol, germacrone, and neocurdione	[160]
Curcuma pierreana	Rhizome, stem, leaf, and flower	Isoborneol (12.8–27.3%), isoborneol acetate (7.3–18.8%), isoborneol (12.4%), isoborneol acetate (14.4%), ß-caryophyllene (10.4%), (Z)-ß-farnesene (10.8%), camphor (13.0–24.1%), camphene (6.7%), and α-pinene (5.1%)	[161,162]
Curcuma purpurascens	Rhizomes	Turmerone (13.5%), germacrone1 (3.2%), ar-turmerone (9.4%), germacrene B (8.8%), curlone (6.2%), curzerene (5.8%), camphor (4.0%), 1,8-cineole (3.3%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (2.7%), ar-curcumene (2.6%), trans-caryophyllene (1.8%), γ-elemene (1.6%), and α-selinene (1.3%)	[118]
Curcuma xanthorrhiza	Rhizomes	Xanthorrhizol (31.9%), ß-curcumene (17.1%), ar-curcumene (13.2%), camphor (5.4%), γ-curcumene (2.6%), (Z)-γ-bisabolene (2.6%), and (E)-ß-farnesene (1.2%)	[163]
Curcuma zedoaria	Rhizomes, leaves	Epicurzerenenone (19.0%), ar-curcumene (12.1%), zingiberene (12.0%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%), curzerene (8.0%), and germacrene B (6.0%)	[153]

Table 3. Pharmacological properties of edible Curcuma species.

Plant species	Biological activities
Curcuma aeruginosa	Antimicrobial^[Citation164], cytotoxicity^[Citation152]; antinociceptive, antipyretic^[Citation13]; uterine relaxant^[Citation74]; antioxidant^[Citation165]; inhibition of nitric oxide production^[Citation166]; and anti-inflammatory^[Citation153]
Curcuma amada	Antifungal and insecticidal^[Citation79]; CNS depressant and analgesic^[Citation16,Citation167]; antiulcer^[Citation168]; anti-tubercular^[Citation135]; antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antiplatelet^[Citation20]; anti-inflammatory^[Citation169]; anticancer^[Citation170]; and larvicidal^[Citation171]
Curcuma angustifolia	Antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic^[Citation172,Citation173]; antioxidant^[Citation155]; antifungal and antibacterial^[Citation129]
Curcuma aromatica	Hypoglycemic^[Citation172]; anti-Alzheimer^[Citation173]; antioxidant^[Citation2]; cytotoxicity^[Citation174]; insecticidal^[Citation175]; anti-inflammatory^[Citation169]; antibacterial^[Citation11]; inhibition of nitric oxide production^[Citation176]; antiproliferative^[Citation177]; and gastroprotective^[Citation21]
Curcuma australasica	Inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin production, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic^[Citation115]
Curcuma caesia	Smooth muscle relaxant^[Citation178]; anxiolytic, CNS depressant and neuropharmacological^[Citation179,Citation180]; antimicrobial^[Citation151]; antiulcerogenic^[Citation181]; antitumor and antioxidant^[Citation116]; anticancer^[Citation182]; antihepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity^[Citation183]
Curcuma leucorrhiza	Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant^[Citation73,Citation108,Citation184]
Curcuma longa	Anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive^[Citation185–Citation187]; anti-Alzheimer’s disease^[Citation188]; antiallergic^[Citation189]; antioxidant^[Citation190,Citation191]; α-amylase inhibitor^[Citation192]; neurotoxin-inhibitory^[Citation193]; anti-inflammatory^[Citation194]; antiobesity^[Citation195]; antidiabetic^[Citation196]; antiproliferative^[Citation197]; hypoglycemic^[Citation136]; hypolipidemic^[Citation198]; antiarthritic^[Citation199]; immunomodulating^[Citation200]; gastroprotective, antiulcerogenic^[Citation201,Citation202]; larvicidal^[Citation203]; angiogenic^[Citation204]; antivasoconstrictive^[Citation205]; antibacterial^[Citation206]; neuroprotective^[Citation207]; scolicidal^[Citation208]; antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic^[Citation209]
Curcuma mangga	Anti-allergic^[Citation210]; inhibition of nitric oxide production^[Citation120]; analgesic^[Citation211]; antioxidant^[Citation212]; lipid peroxidation, antiproliferative and antitumor^[Citation143]; cytotoxicity^[Citation121]; antimicrobial^[Citation152]; antiproliferative^[Citation213]; apoptotic and cytotoxicity^[Citation214]
Curcuma phaeocaulis	Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antitumor^[Citation215]; antifungal^[Citation216]; antiulcerogenic^[Citation146]; anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic^[Citation110,Citation217]; inhibition of nitric oxide production^[Citation82–Citation84]; and antiproliferative^[Citation218]
Curcuma pierreana	Antibacterial and antifungal^[Citation85]
Curcuma pseudomontana	Cytotoxicity^[Citation117]
Curcuma purpurascens	Antifungal^[Citation219]; cytotoxicity and antiproliferative^[Citation118]; gastroprotective, antioxidant, angiogenesis^[Citation220]; and apoptogenic^[Citation119]
Curcuma xanthorrhiza	Antimicrobial^[Citation221]; antimetastatic^[Citation87]; anticandidal^[Citation222]; antimycotic^[Citation88]; chemopreventive^[Citation223]; estrogenic^[Citation224]; hepatoprotective and antinociceptive^[Citation225–Citation227]; antioxidant^[Citation228]; antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory^[Citation229]; antiulcerogenic and gastroprotective^[Citation230]; antibacterial^[Citation11]; and cytotoxicity^[Citation149]
Curcuma zedoaria	Antimicrobial^[Citation164]; antiallergic^[Citation231]; antihypertensive^[Citation232]; antinociceptive and analgesic^[Citation233]; hemagglutinating, antimutagenic and antioxidant^[Citation234–Citation236]; antiulcerogenic^[Citation224]; antiproliferative^[Citation237]; antifungal^[Citation238]; larvicidal and pupicidal^[Citation239]; cytotoxicity^[Citation240]; anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive^[Citation241]; and antiplatelet aggregation^[Citation151]

Table 4. Ethnobotanical uses of edible Curcuma species.

Sl. No.	Plant species	Ethnobotanical uses
1	Curcuma aeruginosa	Treatment of amebic dysentery, stomach ache, ulcer, indigestion, sprains, bruises, and cosmetic^[Citation103]
2	Curcuma amada	Used as alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, mood disorders, biliousness, bronchitis, stomachic, carminative, healing, and sprain^[Citation7,Citation111,Citation128,Citation129]
3	Curcuma angustifolia	Used as tonic, dysentery, gastrointestinal disorders, body pain, inflamed mucous membranes, and stop bleeding of cattle injured by leech^[Citation6,Citation7,Citation130]
4	Curcuma aromatica	Used as tonic, carminative, bruises, sprains, skin eruptions, snakebite, and antibiotic^[Citation7,Citation105,Citation131]
5	Curcuma australasica	Used as ornamental and contraceptive^[Citation113]
6	Curcuma caesia	Treatment of tonsillitis, sprains, bruises, asthma, piles, leukoderma, epilepsy, jaundice, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, cough, constipation, and well urination^[Citation7,Citation106,Citation129]
7	Curcuma caulina	Food^[Citation30]
8	Curcuma leucorhiza	Treatment of enlarged liver spleen, stomach ulcer, diabetes, cancer, and cough^[Citation7,Citation107,Citation108]
9	Curcuma longa	Treatment against biliary diseases, hepatic disorders, anorexia, coryza, dyspepsia, rheumatism, sinusitis, antiseptic^, gastroprotectant, tonic, stimulant, and blood purifier^[Citation7,Citation19,Citation109]
10	Curcuma mangga	Treatment of stomachache, chest pain, skin diseases, postpartum care, and wound healing^[Citation4]
11	Curcuma phaeocaulis	Used in alleviating pain, removing blood stasis, tumor therapy, and inflammation^[Citation110]
12	Curcuma pierreana	Used in Vietnamese traditional medicine^[Citation63]
13	Curcuma pseudomontana	Used as ornamental, blood purifier, and treatment of swellings^[Citation5,Citation42,Citation114]
14	Curcuma purpurascens	Treatment of wounds, boils, cough, itch, scabies, and fever^[Citation58,Citation59]
15	Curcuma xanthorrhiza	Used as analgesics, aromatic stomachics, cholagogues, rheumatic medicine, bruises, sprains, leucorrhoeal, gonorrheal discharges, and blood purifier^[Citation132,Citation133]
16	Curcuma zedoaria	Used as rubefacient, carminative, expectorant, demulcent, diuretic, and stimulant^[Citation112]

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