Utilization of biomaterials to develop the biodegradable food packaging

Figures & data

Figure 1. Categorization of Bio-based food packaging materials.

Figure 2. Utilization of Microbial polymers in the development of packaging films.

Table 1. Nisin and Chitosan composites film formation and its properties.

Sr.#	Film formation	Properties	Citation
1	Chitosan films develop from dilute acetic acid solutions	Prevent the growth of Penicilliumnotatumand Rhodotorularubra	^[Citation88]
2	Edible films of garlic oil and chitosan by the incorporation of potassium sorbate	Indicated significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and L. monocytogenes	^[Citation89]
3	Antimicrobial bilayer by incorporation of chitosan, nisin, and cellulose	The addition of nisin increased the antimicrobial properties, swelling index and solubility of the bilayer film of cheese.	^[Citation87]
4	Chitosan-polylactic acid (PLA) film by incorporation in ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA)	Inhibit the psychrotrophic bacteria, Mesophilic bacteria, Vibrio coliforms, and pseudomonas, and volatile basic nitrogen content in fish	^[Citation90]
5	Sodium lactate-loaded chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonitebarrier film	Improve the antimicrobial effect, and tensile strength, against E. coli, oxygen, and carbon dioxide barrier attributes	^[Citation91]

Table 2. Bacterial nanocellulose for the development of edible films.

Sr.#	Film material	Biofilm properties	Citation
1	Bacterial nanocelluloses modified by incorporating amino silane, and n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane	Moisture content, elongation at break, antioxidant properties, excellent antimicrobial effect, and water vapor permeability of the films were improved	^[Citation103]
2	Chitosan/cellulose Nano-crystals films used as active pads for meat packages	Have bactericidal influence against Gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive and decreased the growth of Candida Albicans and decreased the growth of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria	^[Citation104]
3	Bacterial cellulose Nano-whiskers supplemented into a GL/PVA (gelatin-polyvinyl alcohol) blend composite film matrix	up to 7.5% of BCNW with GL/PVA mixture decreased the transmission rate of water vapor and reduce 22% of water vapor permeability while increasing extension strength (21.5%,), elastic modulus (19%) and expansion at break (41%).	^[Citation96]
4	Integration of an organo- bismuth phosphate complex into a nanocellulose matrix	Reduce the growth of fungi and bacteria, increased Water vapors permeability of the paper	^[Citation105]
5	Monolayer films developed by incorporating poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) and powdered BC (BCP)	Water vapors permeability and water solubility improved with SA content, Swelling degree improved but was reduced by the addition of BCP.	^[Citation106]

Figure 3. Cactus/ mucilage for edible film development and its properties.

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