Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant properties, and in vivo antidiarrheal activity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Figures & data

Table 1. Animal study protocol.

Animal groups	Dose levels/Extract types
Group 1- Normal control	Normal saline (1mL/kg)
Group 2- Castor oil treated	.5 mL/Kg
Group 3- Drug (Loperamide) treated	5 mg/Kg
Group 4- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 60% Ajwa whole fruit extract (1000 mg/Kg)
Group 5- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 100% Ajwa pit extract (1000 mg/Kg)
Group 6- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 0% Ajwa flesh extract (1000 mg/Kg)
Group 7- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 60% Ajwa whole fruit extract (1500 mg/kg)
Group 8- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 100% Ajwa pit extract (1500 mg/kg)
Group 9- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 0% Ajwa flesh extract (1500 mg/kg)
Group 10- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 60% Ajwa whole fruit extract (2000 mg/kg)
Group 11- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 100% Ajwa pit extract (2000 mg/kg)
Group 12- Extract treated	Mice were given EoH 0% Ajwa flesh extract (2000 mg/kg)

Table 2. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Ajwa date extracts.

Compounds	TPC (mg/g GAE)			TFC (mg/g GAE)
	Whole	Pit	Flesh	Whole	Pit	Flesh
EoH 0%	11±2	9±2	56±1	146±1	92±1	766±2
EoH 20%	56±2	11±1	23±1	594±3	187±2	637±2
EoH 40%	71±2	17±2	20±2	798±1	275±2	407±2
EoH 60%	120±2	32±2	17±2	867±1	581±2	227±2
EoH 80%	29±2	47±2	12±2	296±1	675±2	138±1
EoH 100%	17.2±2	90±1	6±2	186±2	821±2	66±1
Means of Ajwa fruit parts	36±16A	26±12B	17±8C	360±135A	312±115B	243±106C

Table 3. HPLC analysis of Ajwa date extracts and solvent fractions (mg/100 g DW).

Extracts	Parts	Quercetin	Gallic acid	Caffeic acid	Benzoic acid	m-coumaric acid	Ferulic acid	Cinnamic acid
EoH 0%	W	1±0.11^e-^i	12±0.19^g	2±0.08^h-^p	44±0.53^i	0.38±0.1	6±1.74^f	4±1.16^de
	P	0.6±0.01^i-^n	3±0.14^j	0.71±0.04^m-^r	8±1.2^n-^r	0.07±0.01^jk	3±1.16^j	1±0.34^hij
	F	1±0.01^def	26±1.09^d	4±0.38^b-^e	68±0.93^g	2±0.01^f		4±1.73^de
EoH20%	W	1±0.01^c	34±0.76^c	4±0.61^bcd	133±0.92^d	1±0.07^f-^k	9±1.12^c	6±0.57^bc
	P	1±0.01^g-^j	6±1^h	0.89±0.06^i-^r	32±1.18^j	0.25±0.01^h-^k	4±1.13^i	2±0.69^e-^i
	F	1±0.01^e-^h	21±1^e	3±0.01^c-^g	57±0.87^h	9±0.1^b		3±1.22^efg
EoH40%	W	2±0.05^b	46±0.58^b	5±0.52^ab	176±0.59^b	1.26±0.07^fgh	11±0.58^b	8±0.52^b
	P	1±0.01^efg	14±1^fg	2±0.15^g-^o	63±1.4^g	0.5±0.15^g-^k	5±1.09^g	3±0.87^def
	F	1±0.04^g-^j	15±1^f	2±0.04^f-^k	41±0.99^i	7±1.16^c		3±1.19^e-^i
EoH60%	W	2±0.1^a	57±1^a	6±1.28^a	221±0.57^a	2±0.06^f	14±1.08^a	9±0.56^a
	P	1±0.01^cd	20±1^e	2±0.14^e-^j	94±1.08^f	0.74±0.01^f-^k	7±0.52^e	3±0.58^e-^h
	F	0.6±0.06^i-^n	11±1^g	2±0.08^h-^p	27±0.85^j	6±1.16^d		2±0.58^f-^i
EoH80%	W	1±0.01^cde	23±1^e	3±0.13^d-^i	88±0.89^f	0.61±0.1^f-^k	7±0.57^d	6±0.57^bc
	P	1.53±0.05^b	28±1|^d	3±0.49^c-^f	125±1.15^e	1.03±0.01^f-^k	8±0.58^d	5±0.95^cd
	F	0.47±0.03^k-^s	5±0.04^hi	0.81±0.09^m-^r	14±0.65^klm	5±2.01^e		2±1.02^g-^j
EoH 100%	W	0.71±0.02^h-^k	3±0.22^ij	1±0.04^j-^r	12±0.07^l-^o	0.33±0.09^h-^k	4±1.74^gh	3±1.16^e-^h
	P	2±0.08^a	35±1^c	4±0.32^bc	155±6.08^c	1±0.5^f-^i	9±0.42^b	6±0.89^c
	F	0.38±0.05^m-^v	2±0.03^j	0.24±0.09^pqr	5±0.55^p-^s	5±1^e		1±0.58^ij

Table 4. DPPH % inhibition of Ajwa parts and solvent fractions (%).

Extracts	DPPH % inhibition
	Whole	Pit	Flesh
EoH 0%	64±2	47±1	71±2
EoH 20%	64±1	54±1	64±2
EoH 40%	73±2	60±2	47±1
EoH 60%	78±2	64±2	39±1
EoH 80%	65±2	69±1	36±1
EoH 100%	59±1	76±2	34±2
Means of Ajwa fruit parts	60±7A	51±9B	42±10C

Figure 1. Effect of Ajwa date extracts on enteropooling.

Figure 2. Effect of date extracts on intestinal transit time study.

Figure 3. Principle component analysis (PCA) bi-plot shows the relationship between phytochemicals, antioxidant potential, and antidiarrheal activity aqueous, and ethanolic extracts of Ajwa date parts.

Figure 4. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis among phytochemical components, antioxidant activities, and antidiarrheal activity of Ajwa date parts extracts.