Disentangling Attention for Frequency and Phonological Markedness in 9- and 12-Month-Old Infants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Log of the longest looking time for heterorganic and homorganic stimuli at 9 months (left) and 12 months (right) of age. (A) Boxplots indicating group results with interquartile range group medians. (B) Individual results. Lines indicate individual data points (solid: female, dotted: male subjects).

Figure 2. Log of the longest looking time for frequent and infrequent stimuli in girls (left) and boys (right). (A) Boxplots indicating group results with interquartile range group medians. (B) Individual results. Lines represent individual data points (solid: 12 months, dotted: 9 months).

Table A1. Acoustic properties of the stimuli.

		Female voice						Male voice
		F0	min	max	Dur	min	max	F0	min	max	Dur	min	max
PoA	Coronal	200	197	204	388	261	142	133	129	142	377	223	223
	Labial	205	201	209	399	292	141	137	132	141	365	192	466
Voice	Voiceless	203	198	206	337	292	141	136	132	141	311	192	360
	Voiced	203	209	209	444	387	137	134	129	137	412	324	471
Vh	High/Low	203	197	210	355	310	138	134	130	138	353	257	471
	Mid	200	197	203	404	350	143	137	130	143	371	326	420
Hom	Homorganic	201	197	206	362	261	143	137	130	143	352	223	466
	Heterorganic	203	198	209	389	310	138	136	129	138	358	257	428
Freq	Frequent	202	197	209	426	353	143	136	130	143	389	326	420
	Infrequent	204	200	206	368	200	454	134	129	142	355	223	466

Notes. Acoustic properties of the two sets of stimuli; Male voice and Female voice. PoA: place of articulation, Vh: vowel height, Freq: frequency of occurrence, Dur: mean syllable duration in ms, F0: mean fundamental frequency in Hz, range: minimum and maximum F0 and duration, respectively.<?TFN>

Table A2. Stimulus syllables per condition with frequency values for phonological features.

Condition	Unmarked Syllables				Marked Syllables
PoA	Coronal	f%	bf%		Labial	f%	bf%
	/do/	0.01	0.12		/bo/	0.19	0.27
	/da/	0.09	0.74		/ba/	0.01	0.02
	/to/	0.03	0.03		/po/	0.01	0.02
	/ti/	0.02	0.07		/pi/	0.02	0.09
	/de/	0.16	0.19		/be/	0.17	0.55
Total		0.30	1.15	Total		0.40	0.94
Average		0.06	0.23	Average		0.08	0.19
Voice	Voiceless				Voiced
		f%	bf%			f%	bf%
	/pi/	0.02	0.09		/bi/	0.01	0.01
	/po/	0.01	0.02		/bo/	0.19	0.27
	/to/	0.03	0.03		/do/	0.01	0.12
	/pe/	0.02	0.03		/be/	0.17	0.55
	/ta/	0.32	0.34		/da/	0.09	0.74
Total		0.40	0.50	Total		0.46	1.68
Average		0.08	0.10	Average		0.09	0.34
Vowel height	Unmarked: i,a (high/low)				Marked: o,e (mid)
		f%	bf%			f%	bf%
	/da/	0.01	0.74		/de/	0.03	0.19
	/ki/	0.02	0.03		/ke/	0.03	0.21
	/ka/	0.12	0.21		/ko/	0.05	0.14
	/ta/	0.16	0.34		/to/	0.17	0.03
	/bi/	0.01	0.01		/bo/	0.01	0.27
Total		0.32	1.33	Total		0.28	0.84
Average		0.06	0.27	Average		0.06	0.17
Homorganicity	Unmarked (homorganic)				Marked (heterorganic)
		f%	bf%			f%	bf%
	/po/	0.09	0.02		/to/	0.16	0.03
	/ti/	0.03	0.07		/ki/	0.05	0.03
	/ko/	0.15	0.14		/ke/	0.12	0.21
	/de/	0.32	0.19		/be/	0.03	0.55
	/ba/	0.01	0.02		/do/	0.19	0.12
Total		0.59	0.44	Total		0.56	0.95
Average		0.12	0.09	Average		0.11	0.19

Notes. f%: stressed syllable frequency and bf% biphone frequency, both in percentage of total tokens in the Van de Weijer database of infant directed speech in Dutch (Van De Weijer, 1998). Syllable notations are according to International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For example,/ba/as in the Dutch word “baken”.

Table A3. Stimulus syllables per condition with frequency values for the frequency condition.

Condition
Frequency	Frequent Syllables	f%	bf%		Infrequent Syllables	f%	bf%
	Bo	0.19	0.27		bi	0.01	0.01
	Be	0.17	0.55		ba	0.01	0.02
	De	0.16	0.19		do	0.01	0.12
	Ta	0.32	0.34		ti	0.02	0.07
	Ko	0.12	0.14		pe	0.02	0.03
Total		0.96	1.48	Total		0.06	0.25
Average		0.19	0.30	Average		0.01	0.05

Notes: f%: stressed syllable frequency and bf% biphone frequency, both in percentage of total tokens in the Van de Weijer database of infant directed speech in Dutch (Van De Weijer, 1998). Syllable notations according to International Phonetic Alphabet.

Table A4. Overview of final model for each condition.

		TL		LL
Condition	Optimal model	p-value	F	p-value	F
Homorganicity	Age * Stimulus	< 0.0001 *	18.63	<0.0001 *	24.42
PoA	Stimulus (main effect)	> 0.05	1.02	0.03 #	5.25
Voicing	Stimulus (main effect)	> 0.05	1.44	> 0.05	2.31
Vowel height	Gender * Stimulus	> 0.05	0.04	0.02 #	5.61
Frequency	Gender * Stimulus	> 0.05	0.16	0.007 *	7.76

Notes. Final models selected based on model comparison using Kenward-Roger approximation. All models include subject as a random factor. TL: total looking time; LL: longest look; p-values: * significant with Hochberg’s step-up correction, # trend: not significant with Hochberg’s step-up correction, ns p > 0.05); F: Ftest statistics from Kenward-Roger approximation.

Table A5. Interquartile range. Median, and N for each condition for total looking times (ms).

	IQR	Median	N	IQR	median	N
Frequent	2334	3870	35	658	4142	15
Infrequent	2162	4107	35	2048	3076	15
PoA UM(coronal)	3047	3370	32	2956	2219	13
PoA M (labial)	3366	3402	32	2524	2991	13
Homorganic	2558	4841	35	2400	3068	18
Heterorganic	2622	3389	35	3593	4700	18
Voiceless	3507	3630	32	3262	3897	19
Voiced	2420	4135	32	3192	4986	19
Vowel UM (high/low)	2326	3680	31	2918	3680	19
Vowel M (mid)	3255	4235	31	1990	4060	19

Table A6. Interquartile range, median, and N for each condition for longest looking times (ms).

	9 mothns			12 months
	IQR	median	N	IQR	median	N
Frequent	1822	3870	35	2181	4142	15
Infrequent	1840	4107	35	2054	3076	15
PoA UM(coronal)	1297	3370	32	1550	2219	17
PoA M (labial)	1199	3402	32	2089	2991	17
Homorganic	2277	4841	35	1680	3068	18
Heterorganic	1346	3389	35	1948	4700	18
Voiceless	1960	3630	32	2077	3897	19
Voiced	1790	4135	32	2820	4986	19
Vowel UM (high/low)	2016	3680	31	2000	3680	19
Vowel M (mid)	2090	4235	31	2955	4060	19

Van De Weijer, J. C. (1998). Language input for word discovery. MPI series in psycholinguistics. Radboud University Nijmege, Nijmegen. https://doi.org/doi:10.17617/2.2057670

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