1,155
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Chinese school teachers’ conceptions of high-stakes and low-stakes assessments: an invariance analysis

ORCID Icon &
Pages 458-475 | Received 28 Dec 2018, Accepted 21 Mar 2019, Published online: 12 Apr 2019

References

  • Allen, A. 2012. “Cultivating the Myopic Learner: The Shared Project of High-Stakes and Low-Stakes Assessment.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 33 (5): 641–659. doi:10.1080/01425692.2012.668832.
  • Au, W. 2007. “High Stakes Testing and Curricular Control: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis.” Educational Researcher 36 (5): 258–267. doi:10.3102/0013189X07306523.
  • Barrow, D. A. 2015, April. “Professional Identity and High-stakes Test: What they Tell us about Schools Teachers and Students. Paper Presented at The Biennial Conference of The University of The West Indies Schools of Education. Trinidad and Tobag. India: St. Augustine.
  • Barry, C., and S. Finney. 2016. “Modelling Change in Effort across A Low-Stakes Testing Session: A Latent Growth Curve Modelling Approach.” Applied Measurement in Education 29 (1): 46–64. doi:10.1080/08957347.2015.1102914.
  • Berry, R. 2011. “Assessment Reforms around the World.” In Assessment Reform in Education: Policy and Practice, edited by R. Berry and B. Adamson, 89–102. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
  • Booher‐Jennings, J. 2008. “Learning to Label: Socialisation.” Gender, and the Hidden Curriculum of High-stakes Testing. British Journal of Sociology of Education 29 (2): 149-160.
  • Brown, G. T. L. 2011. “Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment: Comparing Primary and Secondary Teachers in New Zealand.” Assessment Matters 3: 45-70.
  • Brown, G. T. L., and A. Remesal. 2012. “Prospective Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 15 (1): 75–89.
  • Brown, G. T. L., H. Chaudhry, and R. Dhamija. 2015. “The Impact of an Assessment Policy upon Teachers’ Self-Reported Assessment Beliefs and Practices: A Quasi-Experimental Study of Indian Teachers in Private Schools.” International Journal of Educational Research 71: 50–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.03.001.
  • Brown, G. T. L., and L. Gao. 2015. “Chinese Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment for and of Learning: Six Competing and Complementary Purposes.” Cogent Education 2 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/2331186X.2014.993836.
  • Brown, G. T. L., S. K. F. Hui, F. W. M. Yu, and K. J Kennedy. 2011. “Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment in Chinese Contexts: A Tripartite Model of Accountability, Improvement, and Irrelevance.” International Journal of Educational Research 50 (5–6): 307–320.
  • Bryant, C. L., S. Maarouf, J. Burcham, and D. Greer. 2016. “The Examination of a Teacher Candidate Assessment Rubric: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” Teaching and Teacher Education 57: 79-96.
  • Byrne, B. M., R. J. Shavelson, and B. Muthén. 1989. “Testing for The Equivalence of Factor Covariance and Mean Structures: The Issue of Partial Measurement Invariance.” Psychological Bulletin 105 (3): 456-466.
  • Cankoy, O., and M. A. Tut. 2005. “High-Stakes Testing and Mathematics Performance of Fourth Graders in North Cyprus.” The Journal of Educational Research 98 (4): 234–243. doi:10.3200/JOER.98.4.234-244.
  • Carless, D., and R. Lam. 2014. Developing Assessment for Productive Learning in Confucian-Influenced Settings: Potentials and Challenges. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Chen, J, and B. Cowie. 2016. “Chinese Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs about Assessment.” Educational Practice and Theory 38 (2): 77-93.
  • Chen, J., and G. T. L. Brown. 2013. “High-stakes Examination Preparation That Controls Teaching: Chinese Prospective Teachers’ Conceptions of Excellent Teaching and Assessment.” Journal of Education for Teaching 39 (5): 541-556. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2013.836338.
  • Cheung, G. W., and R. B. Rensvold. 2002. “Evaluating Goodness-Of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance.” Structural Equation Modelling 9 (2): 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.
  • Copp, D. T. 2016. “Teaching to the Test: A Mixed Methods Study of Instructional Change from Large-Scale Testing in Canadian Schools.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 25 (5): 468–487. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2016.1244042.
  • Corcoran, S. P., J. L. Jennings, and A. A. Beveridge. 2012. “Teacher Effectiveness on High- and Low-Stakes Tests.” Society Research on Educational Effectiveness 3 (11): 1–54.
  • Costello, A. B., and J. W. Osborne. 2005. “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment Research and Evaluation 10: 18-37.
  • Crocker, L. 2004. Teaching for the Test: How and Why Test Preparation is Appropriate. In Defending Standardized Testing, edited by R. P. Phelps, 159-174. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Darling-Hammond, L. 2010. The Flat World and Education: How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future. New York: Teachers’ College Record.
  • Finney, S. J., C. E. Mathers, and A. J. Myers. 2016. “Investigating the Dimensionality of Examinee Motivation across Instruction Conditions in Low-Stakes Testing Contexts.” Research and Practice in Assessment 11: 5–17.
  • Fives, H., and M. M Buehl. 2012. Spring Cleaning for the “Messy” Construct of Teachers' Beliefs: What are they? Which have been Examined? What can they Tell us? In APA Educational Psychology Handbook: Individual Differences and Cultural and Contextual Factors, edited by K. R. Harris, S. Graham and T. Urdan, pp. 471–499. Washington, DC: APA
  • Fulmer, G. W., K. H. K. Tan, and I. C. H. Lee. 2017. “Relationships among Singaporean Secondary Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment and School and Policy Contextual Factors.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 1–18. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2017.1336427.
  • Gao, L., P. Wang, Y. Han, and Z. Cai. 2010, July. “Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment: Developing Models for Teachers in China.” Paper presented at the biannual conference of the International Test Commission, Hong Kong.
  • Gebril, A., and G. T. L. Brown. 2014. “The Effect of High-Stakes Examination Systems on Teacher Beliefs: Egyptian Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 21 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2013.831030.
  • Gerbing, D. W., and J. G. Hamilton. 1996. “Viability of Exploratory Factor Analysis as a Precursor to Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” Structural Equation Modelling 3: 62-72.
  • Gregory, K., and M. Clarke. 2003. “High-stakes Assessment in England and Singapore.” Theory into Practice 42 (1): 66-74.
  • Guo, S. B., Y. Guo, G. Beckett, Q. Li, and L.Y. Guo. 2012. Teaching under China’s Market Economy: Five Case Studies. Research Report. http://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/Study%20on%20China.pdf
  • Heubert, J. P., and R. M. Hauser. 1999. High Stakes: Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/6336/high-stakes-testing-for-tracking-promotion-and-graduation
  • Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1-55.
  • Jäger, D. J., K. Maag Merki, M. Holmeier, and B. Oerke. 2012. “State-wide, Low-stakes Tests and a Teaching-to-the-test Effect? an Analysis of Data from Two German Bundesländern.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 19 (4): 451–467.
  • Jin, Y. K. 2015. “Vigour from Various Assessment (Huoli Laiziyu Duoyuan Pingjia).” China Education Daily, 25, June.
  • Kennedy, K. J. 2016. “Exploring the Influence of Culture on Assessment: The Case of Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment in Confucian Heritage Cultures.” In Handbook of Human and Social Conditions in Assessment, edited by G. T. L. Brown and L. R. Harris, 404–419. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Kleij, F. M. V., J. J. Cunning, and A. Looney. 2017. “Policy Expectations and Support for Teacher Formative Assessment in Australian Education Reform.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 25 (6): 620–637. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2017.1374924.
  • Klenowski, V., and C. Wyatt-Smith. 2012. “The Impact of High Stakes Testing: The Australian Story.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 19 (1): 65–79. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2011.592972.
  • Li, J. 2009. “Learning to Self-Perfect: Chinese Beliefs about Learning.” In Revisiting the Chinese Learner: Changing Contexts, Changing Education, edited by C. K. Chan and N. Rao, 35–69. Hong Kong: Springer.
  • Liang, X. Y., H. Kidwai, and M. X. Zhang. 2016. How Shanghai Does It: Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Lobascher, S. 2011. “What are the Potential Impacts of High-Stakes Testing on Literacy Education in Australia?” Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 34 (2): 9–19.
  • Marsh, H. W., K. Hau, and Z. Wen. 2004. “In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-testing Approaches to Setting Cut Off Values for Fit Indices and Dangers in Over Generalizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) Findings.” Structural Equation Modelling 11 (3): 320–341.
  • Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (MOE). 2010. National Outline for Mid and Long-Term Education Reform and Development 2010–2020. Beijing, PRC: Ministry of Education.
  • Newton, P. E. 2007. “Clarifying the Purposes of Educational Assessment.” Assessment in Education 14 (2): 149–170. doi:10.1080/09695940701478321.
  • Nichols, S. L., and L. R. Harris. 2016. Accountability assessment’s Effects on Teachers and Schools. In Handbook of human and social conditions in assessment, edited by G. Brown, and L. R. Harris, 40-56. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • OECD. 2011. Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States. Paris, FR: OECD.
  • Penk, C., and D. Richter. 2016. “Change in Test-Taking Motivation and Its Relationship to Test Performance in Low-Stakes Assessments.” Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 29: 55–79. doi:10.1007/s11092-016-9248-7.
  • Phelps, R. P. 2006. “Characteristics of an Effective Student Testing System.” Educational Horizons 85 (1): 19-29.
  • Polesel, J., S. Rice, and N. Dulfer. 2014. “The Impact of High-stakes Testing on Curriculum and Pedagogy: A Teacher Perspective from Australia.” Journal of Education Policy 29 (5): 640-657.
  • Qi, L. 2007. “Is Testing an Efficient Agent for Pedagogical Change? Examining The Intended Wash Back of The Writing Task in a High-stakes English Test in China. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 14 (1): 51-74.
  • Remesal, A., and G. T. L. Brown. 2015. “Conceptions of Assessment When the Teaching Context and Learner Population Matter: Compulsory School versus Non-Compulsory Adult Education Contexts.” European Journal of Psychology of Education 30 (3): 331–347. doi:10.1007/s10212-014-0236-3.
  • Sessoms, J., and S. Finney. 2015. “Measuring and Modeling Change in Examinee Effort on Low-Stakes Tests across Testing Occasions.” International Journal of Testing 15 (4): 356–388. doi:10.1080/15305058.2015.1034866.
  • Shepard, L. A. 2005. “Linking Formative Assessment to Scaffolding.” Educational Leadership 63 (3): 66–71.
  • Smith, F., F. Hill, B. Cowie, and A. Gilmore. 2014. Preparing Teachers to use the Enabling Power of Assessment. In Designing assessment for quality learning, C. Wyatt-Smith, V. Klenowski and P. Colbert, 303-324. Collingwood, Vic, Australia: Springer.
  • Smith, F., G. Corkery, J. Buckley, and A. Calvert. 2012. “Changes in Secondary School Preservice Teachers’ Concerns about Teaching in New Zealand.” Journal of Teacher Education 64: 60-74.
  • Spann, P. 2015. The Negative Effects of High-stakes Testing. Retrieved from LUC Edu Web Site: http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/law/centers/childlaw/childed/pdfs/2015studentpapers/Spann.pdf
  • Thomas, R. M. 2005. High Stakes Testing: Coping with Collateral Damage. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Thompson, A. G. 1992. Teachers' beliefs and conceptions: A synthesis of the research. In Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning, edited by D. A. Grouws, 127-146. New York: MacMillan.
  • van de Grift, W., and M. van der Wal. 2011, January. “Measuring the Development of Professional Competence among Teachers.” Paper presented at ICSEI Conference, Limassol, Cyprus.
  • Wu, A. D., Z. Li, and B. D. Zumbo. 2007. “Decoding The Meaning Of Factorial Invariance and Updating The Practice Of Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis: a Demonstration with Timss Data. Practical Assessment.” Research & Evaluation 12 (3): 1-26.
  • Wyse, D., and H. Torrance. 2009. “The Development and Consequences of National Curriculum Assessment for Primary Education in England.” Educational Research 51 (2): 213–228. doi:10.1080/00131880902891479.
  • Xu, Y., and G. T. L. Brown. 2016. “Teacher Assessment Literacy in Practice: A Reconceptualization.” Teaching and Teacher Education 58: 149–162. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.010.
  • Yan, Z., and E. C. K. Cheng. 2015. “Primary Teachers’ Attitudes, Intentions and Practices regarding Formative Assessment.” Teaching and Teacher Education 45: 128–136. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.002.
  • Yates, A., and M. Johnston. 2017. “The Impact of School-Based Assessment for Qualifications on Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 25 (6): 638–654. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2017.1295020.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.