A review: nutrition and process attributes of corn in pet foods

References

• Alvarenga, I. C., and C. G. Aldrich. 2018. The effect of sorghum fractions on apparent total tract digestibility and antioxidant capacity by dogs. Plos ONE 13 (10):e0206090. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• André, A., I. Leriche, G. Chaix, C. Thorin, M. Burger, and P. Nguyen. 2017. Recovery of insulin sensitivity and optimal body composition after rapid weight loss in obese dogs fed a high‐protein medium‐carbohydrate diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 101 (S1):21–30. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12744.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atungulu, G. G., Z. Mohammadi-Shad, and S. Wilson. 2018. Mycotoxin issues in pet food. In Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis, ed. S. C. Ricke, G. G. Atungulu, C. E. Rainwater, and S. H. Park, 25–44. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bazolli, R. S., R. S. Vasconcellos, L. D. de-Oliveira, F. C. Sá, G. T. Pereira, and A. C. Carciofi. 2015. Effect of the particle size of maize, rice, and sorghum in extruded diets for dogs on starch gelatinization, digestibility, and the fecal concentration of fermentation products. Journal of Animal Science 93 (6):2956–66. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-8409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednar, G. E., A. R. Patil, S. M. Murray, C. M. Grieshop, N. R. Merchen, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2001. Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model. The Journal of Nutrition 131 (2):276–86. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.2.276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buléon, A., P. Colonna, V. Planchot, and S. Ball. 1998. Starch granules: Structure and biosynthesis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 23 (2):85–112. doi: 10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00040-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carciofi, A. C., F. S. Takakura, L. D. de-Oliveira, E. Teshima, J. T. Jeremias, M. A. Brunetto, and F. Prada. 2008. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92 (3):326–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlotti, D. N., I. Remy, and C. Prost. 1990. Food allergy in dogs and cats. A review and report of 43 cases. Veterinary Dermatology 1 (2):55–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00080.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheftel, J. C. 1986. Nutritional effects of extrusion cooking. Food Chemistry 20 (4):263–83. doi: 10.1016/0308-8146(86)90096-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnaswamy, R., and M. A. Hanna. 1988. Optimum extrusion-cooking conditions for maximum expansion of corn starch. Journal of Food Science 53 (3):834–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb08965.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrêa-Oliveira, R., J. L. Fachi, A. Vieira, F. T. Sato, and M. A. R. Vinolo. 2016. Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids. Clinical & Translational Immunology 5 (4):e73. doi: 10.1038/cti.2016.17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corsato Alvarenga, I., and C. G. Aldrich. 2020. Starch characterization of commercial extruded dry pet foods. Translational Animal Science 4 (2):1017–22. doi: 10.1093/tas/txaa018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrignelli, M. I., F. Bovera, R. Tudisco, S. D’urso, S. Marono, G. Piccolo, and S. Calabrò. 2009. In vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources in two dog breeds (German shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93 (3):305–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00931.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Godoy, M. R. C., L. L. Bauer, C. M. Parsons, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2009. Select corn coproducts from the ethanol industry and their potential as ingredients in pet foods. Journal of Animal Science 87 (1):189–99. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devadason, I. P., A. S. R. Anjaneyulu, and Y. Babji. 2010. Effect of different binders on the physico‐chemical, textural, histological, and sensory qualities of retort pouched buffalo meat nuggets. Journal of Food Science 75 (1):S31–S35. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01399.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhital, S., F. J. Warren, P. J. Butterworth, P. R. Ellis, and M. J. Gidley. 2017. Mechanisms of starch digestion by α-amylase—Structural basis for kinetic properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (5):875–92. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, J. L. 2016. Safety assessment of GM plants: An updated review of the scientific literature. Food and Chemical Toxicology 95:12–8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingues, L., F. Murakami, D. Zattoni, G. Kaelle, S. de Oliveira, and A. Félix. 2019. Effect of potato on kibble characteristics and diet digestibility and palatability to adult dogs and puppies. Italian Journal of Animal Science 18 (1):292–300. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2018.1512385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dust, J. M., A. M. Gajda, E. A. Flickinger, T. M. Burkhalter, N. R. Merchen, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2004. Extrusion conditions affect chemical composition and in vitro digestion of select food ingredients. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (10):2989–96. doi: 10.1021/jf049883u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortes, C. M. L. S., A. C. Carciofi, N. K. Sakomura, I. M. Kawauchi, and R. S. Vasconcellos. 2010. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of some carbohydrate sources for dogs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 156 (3–4):121–5. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funaba, M., Y. Okay, S. Kobayashi, M. Kaneko, H. Yamamoto, K. Namikawa, T. Iriki, Y. Hatano, and M. Abe. 2005. Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 69 (4):299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajda, M., E. A. Flickinger, C. M. Grieshop, L. L. Bauer, N. R. Merchen, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2005. Corn hybrid affects in vitro and in vivo measures of nutrient digestibility in dogs. Journal of Animal Science 83 (1):160–71. doi: 10.2527/2005.831160x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, M., and S. Alavi. 2013. Pet food processing: Understanding transformations in starch during extrusion and baking. Cereal Foods World 58 (5):232–6. doi: 10.1094/CFW-58-5-0232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara, M. A., L. L. Bauer, C. A. Abbas, K. E. Beery, D. P. Holzgraefe, M. J. Cecava, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2008. Chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses by dogs to select corn fibers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (5):1619–26. doi: 10.1021/jf073073b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, R. 2001. Raw materials for extrusion cooking. In Extrusion cooking – Technologies and applications, ed. R. Guy, 7. Cambridge, England: CRC Woodhead Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Győri, Z. 2010. Corn: Characteristics and quality requirements. In Cereal grains: Assessing and managing quality, ed. C. W. Wrigley and I. L. Batey, 183–211. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Haenen, D., J. Zhang, C. S. da Silva, G. Bosch, I. M. van der Meer, J. van Arkel, J. J. G. C. van den Borne, O. P. Gutiérrez, H. Smidt, B. Kemp, et al. 2013. A diet high in resistant starch modulates microbiota composition, SCFA concentrations, and gene expression in pig intestine. The Journal of Nutrition 143 (3):274–83. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.169672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, B. G., K. W. Campbell, C. D. Pilcher, T. A. Degooyer, A. E. Robinson, B. L. McMillen, S. M. Spangler, S. G. Riordan, L. G. Rice, and J. L. Richard. 2004. Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000–2002. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (5):1390–7. doi: 10.1021/jf030441c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hang, I., R. M. Heilmann, N. Grützner, J. S. Suchodolski, J. M. Steiner, F. Atroshi, S. Sankari, A. Kettunen, W. M. de Vos, J. Zentek, et al. 2013. Impact of diets with a high content of greaves-meal protein or carbohydrates on faecal characteristics, volatile fatty acids and faecal calprotectin concentrations in healthy dogs. BMC Veterinary Research 9 (1):201. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ínal, F., M. S. Alataş, O. Kahraman, Ş. Ínal, M. Uludağ, E. Gürbüz, and E. S. Polat. 2018. Using of pelleted and extruded foods in dog feeding. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 24 (1):131–6. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2017.18529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. I., and D. E. Jewell. 2019. Balance of saccharolysis and proteolysis underpins improvements in stool quality induced by adding a fiber bundle containing bound polyphenols to either hydrolyzed meat or grain-rich foods. Gut Microbes 10 (3):298– 23. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1526580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. I., C. Waldy, C. Y. Cochrane, and D. E. Jewell. 2020. Consumption of identically formulated foods extruded under low and high shear force reveals that microbiome redox ratios accompany canine immunoglobulin A production. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 104 (5):1551–67. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. I., C. Waldy, and D. E. Jewell. 2020. Dietary resistant starch preserved through mild extrusion of grain alters fecal microbiome metabolism of dietary macronutrients while increasing immunoglobulin A in the cat. PloS One. 15 (11):e0241037. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawauchi, I. M., N. K. Sakomura, R. S. Vasconcellos, L. D. de-Oliveira, M. O. S. Gomes, B. A. Loureiro, and A. C. Carciofi. 2011. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of maize gluten feed for dogs as measured by two different techniques. Animal Feed Science and Technology 169 (1–2):96–103. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. W., B. P. Chew, T. S. Wong, J. S. Park, B. B. C. Weng, K. M. Byrne, M. G. Hayek, and G. A. Reinhart. 2000a. Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 74 (3–4):315–27. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00180-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. W., B. P. Chew, T. S. Wong, J. S. Park, B. B. C. Weng, K. M. Byrne, M. G. Hayek, and G. A. Reinhart. 2000b. Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 73 (3–4):331–41. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00152-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel, K., M. Monti, M. Gibson, S. Alavi, B. D. Donfrancesco, and A. C. Carciofi. 2015. The effects of fiber inclusion on pet food sensory characteristics and palatability. Animals 5 (1):110–25. doi: 10.3390/ani5010110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kore, K. B., A. K. Pattanaik, A. Das, and K. Sharma. 2009. Evaluation of alternative cereal sources in dog diets: Effect on nutrient utilization and hindgut fermentation characteristics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89 (13):2174–80. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laflamme, D., O. Izquierdo, L. Eirmann, and S. Binder. 2014. Myths and misperceptions about ingredients used in commercial pet foods. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 44 (4):689–98. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. X., L. Han, and L. Chen. 2008. In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88 (9):1660–6. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., F. Hsieh, H. Heymann, and H. E. Huff. 2006. Effect of process conditions on the physical and sensory properties of extruded oat-corn puff. Journal of Food Science 65 (7):1253–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621tb10274.x.
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor, C. A., C. J. Sniffen, and W. H. Hoover. 1978. Amino acid profiles of total and soluble protein in feedstuffs commonly fed to ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science 61 (5):566–73. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)94411-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masisi, K., W. L. Diehl-Jones, J. Gordon, D. Chapman, M. H. Moghadasian, and T. Beta. 2015. Carotenoids of aleurone, germ, and endosperm fractions of barley, corn and wheat differentially inhibit oxidative stress. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63 (10):2715–24. doi: 10.1021/jf5058606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew, J. M., R. C. Hoseney, and J. M. Faubion. 1999a. Effects of corn hybrid and growth environment on corn curl and pet food extrudates. Cereal Chemistry Journal 76 (5):625–8. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew, J. M., R. C. Hoseney, and J. M. Faubion. 1999b. Effects of corn sample, mill type, and particle size on corn curl and pet food extrudates. Cereal Chemistry Journal 76 (5):621–4. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. L., H. J. Fottler, G. C. Fahey, Jr., and J. E. Corbin. 1980. Utilization of corn–soybean meal-substituted diets by dogs. Journal of Animal Science 50 (5):892–6. doi: 10.2527/jas1980.505892x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moraru, C. I., and J. L. Kokini. 2003. Nucleation and expansion during extrusion and microwave heating of cereal foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2 (4):147–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00020.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreau, R. A., D. B. Johnston, and K. B. Hicks. 2007. A comparison of the levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in corn germ oil, corn fiber oil and corn kernel oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 84 (11):1039–44. doi: 10.1007/s11746-007-1137-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S. M., G. C. Fahey, Jr., N. R. Merchen, G. D. Sunvold, and G. A. Reinhart. 1999. Evaluation of selected high-starch flours as ingredients in canine diets. Journal of Animal Science 77 (8):2180–6. doi: 10.2527/1999.7782180x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S. M., E. A. Flickinger, A. R. Patil, N. R. Merchen, J. L. Brent, Jr., and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 2001. In vitro fermentation characteristics of native and processed cereal grains and potato starch using ileal chyme from dogs. Journal of Animal Science 79 (2):435–44. doi: 10.2527/2001.792435x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. 2006. Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peixoto, M. C., É. M. Ribeiro, A. P. J. Maria, B. A. Loureiro, L. G. di Santo, T. C. Putarov, F. N. Yoshitoshi, G. T. Pereira, L. R. M. Sá, and A. C. Carciofi. 2018. Effect of resistant starch on the intestinal health of old dogs: Fermentation products and histological features of the intestinal mucosa. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102 (1):e111–21. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, A., H. Rasmussen, and E. J. Johnson. 2009. Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 22 (1):9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipps-Donaldson, D. 2019. Global pet food sales hit $91 billion in 2018. Pet Food Industry Magazine. Last Modified February 18, 2019. Accessed September 19, 2019. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/7899-global-pet-food-sales-hit-91-billion-in-2018.
   Google Scholar
• Research and Markets. 2017. Pet Food Extrusion Market by Extruded Pet Food Products (Type (Complete Diets and Treats), Animal Type (Dogs, Cats, Fish, and Birds), and Ingredient), by Pet Food Extruder Equipment (Type (Single and Twin Screw)) & Region – Global Forecast to 2022. Accessed November 7, 2020. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4436181/pet-food-extrusion-market-by-extruded-pet-food.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, É. D. M., M. C. Peixoto, T. C. Putarov, M. Monti, P. D. G. Pacheco, B. A. Loureiro, G. T. Pereira, and A. C. Carciofi. 2019. The effects of age and dietary resistant starch on digestibility, fermentation end products in faeces and postprandial glucose and insulin responses of dogs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 73 (6):485–504. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2019.1652516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokey, G. J. 2000. Single screw extruders. In Extruders in Food Applications, ed. M. Riaz, 25–49. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schauf, S., A. Salas‐Mani, C. Torre, E. Jimenez, M. A. Latorre, and C. Castrillo. 2018. Effect of feeding a high‐carbohydrate or a high‐fat diet on subsequent food intake and blood concentration of satiety‐related hormones in dogs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102 (1):e21–9. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schünemann, C., A. Mühlum, S. Junker, H. Wilfarth, and H. Meyer. 1989. Praecaecale und postileale Verdaulichkeit verschiedener Stärken sowie pH-Werte und Gehalte an organischen Säuren in Darmchymus und Faeces. Advances in Animal Nutrition and Animal Physiology 19:44–58.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., T. T. Sabchuk, D. C. Lima, A. P. Félix, A. Maiorka, and S. G. Oliveira. 2016. Use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), with and without xylanase, in dog food. Animal Feed Science and Technology 220:136–42. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., and N. Singh. 2003. Studies on the morphological and rheological properties of granular cold water soluble corn and potato starches. Food Hydrocolloids. 17 (1):63–72. doi: 10.1016/S0268-005X(02)00036-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. 2018. Next-generation distillers dried grain as a potential dietary ingredient in dog and cat diets. MS thesis., Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Sunvold, G. D. 2002. Pet food composition for controlling postprandial glycemic response. US Patent 6:458–378.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, A., A. Inoue, A. Takeguchi, T. Washizu, M. Bonkobara, and T. Arai. 2005. Comparison of expression of glucokinase gene and activities of enzymes related to glucose metabolism in livers between dog and cat. Veterinary Research Communications 29 (6):477–85. doi: 10.1007/s11259-005-1868-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegzes, J. H., B. B. Oakley, and G. Brennan. 2019. Comparison of mycotoxin concentrations in grain versus grain-free dry and wet commercial dog foods. Toxicology Communications 3 (1):61–6. doi: 10.1080/24734306.2019.1648636.
   Google Scholar
• Twomey, L. N., D. W. Pethick, J. B. Rowe, M. Choct, J. R. Pluske, W. Brown, and M. C. Laviste. 2002. The use of sorghum and corn as alternatives to rice in dog foods. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (6):1704S–5S. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1704S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA ERS). 2018. Feed Grains Database Custom Query. Accessed November 7, 2020 https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/feed-grains-database/.
   Google Scholar
• Verlinden, A., M. Hesta, S. Millet, and G. P. J. Janssens. 2006. Food allergy in dogs and cats: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 46 (3):259–73. doi: 10.1080/10408390591001117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, J. A., D. L. Harmon, K. L. Gross, and G. F. Collings. 1994. Evaluation of nutrient utilization in the canine using the ileal cannulation technique. The Journal of Nutrition 124 (suppl_12):2672S–6S. doi: 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2672S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, S., and P. E. Ramstad. 1991. Corn: Chemistry and technology, St. Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Wolter, R., D. Gouy, A. Durix, J. C. Letourneau, M. Carcelen, J. Landreau, A. Bruny, and A. Villard. 1978. Digestibilité et activité biochimique intracaecale chez le poney recevant un même aliment complet présenté sous forme granulée, expansée ou semi-expansée. Annales de Zootechnie 27 (1):47–60. doi: 10.1051/animres:19780105.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., J. Hu, H. Ma, A. E. A. Yagoub, X. Yu, J. Owusu, H. Ma, and X. Qin. 2015. Antioxidant peptides from corn gluten meal: Orthogonal design evaluation. Food Chemistry 187 (15):270–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhuang, H., N. Tang, and Y. Yuan. 2013. Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from corn gluten meal. Journal of Functional Foods 5 (4):1810–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar