References

• Abu-Reidah, I.M., Arráez-Román, D., Lozano-Sánchez, J., Segura-Carretero, A., & Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. (2013). Phytochemical characterization of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 24(2), 105–116. doi:10.1002/pca.2385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, T., Hartonen, K., Hyotylainen, T., & Riekkola, M. (2003). Stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pressurized hot water. The Analyst, 128, 150–155. doi:10.1039/b211447j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anekpankul, T., Goto, M., Sasaki, M., Pavasant, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2007). Extraction of anti-cancer damnacanthal from roots of Morinda citrifolia by subcritical water. Separation and Purification Technology, 55(3), 343–349. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, G.D., Naidoo, K.K., & Coopoosamy, R.M. (2012). Bidens pilosa L.: Agricultural and pharmaceutical importance. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(17), 3282–3287. doi:10.5897/JMPR12.195
   Google Scholar
• Atanasov, A., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E.M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin, P., … Stuppner, H. (2015). Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 33(8), 1582–1614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bairwa, K., Kumar, R., Sharma, R.J., & Roy, R.K. (2010). An updated review on Bidens Pilosa L. Der Pharma Chemica, 2(3), 325–337.
   Google Scholar
• Barbarini, N., & Magni, P. (2010). Accurate peak list extraction from proteomic mass spectra for identification and profiling studies. BMC Bioinformatics, 11(1), 1–14. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartolome, A.P., Villaseñor, I.M., & Yang, W.C. (2013). Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Botanical properties, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013 (Article ID 340215), 1–51. doi:10.1155/2013/340215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, A., Venturelli, S., Kallnischkies, M., Böcker, A., Busch, C., Weiland, T., … Bitzer, M. (2013). Kaempferol, a new nutrition-derived pan-inhibitor of human histone deacetylases. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24(6), 977–985. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, M., Küchler, T., Maaßen, A., Busch-Stockfisch, M., & Steinhart, H. (2007). Correlations of ingredients with sensory attributes in green beans and peas under different storage conditions. Food Chemistry, 103, 875–884. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, C.C., Matos, T.F., Moreira, J., Rossato, A.E., Zanette, V.C., & Amaral, P.A. (2013). Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Traditional use in a community of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 15(1), 34–40. doi:10.1590/S1516-05722013000100004
   Google Scholar
• Cabane, B., & Vuilleumier, R. (2005). The physics of liquid water. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Elsevier, 337, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, A., Mammucari, R., & Foster, N. (2011). A review of subcritical water as a solvent and its utilization for the processing of hydrophobic organic compounds. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheigh, C.I., Chung, E.Y., & Chung, M.S. (2012). Enhanced extraction of flavanones hesperidin and narirutin from Citrus unshiu peel using subcritical water. Journal of Food Engineering, 110, 472–477. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.12.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemat, F., Vian, M., & Cravotto, G. (2012). Green extraction of natural products: Concept and principles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 8615–8627. doi:10.3390/ijms13078615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, Y.M., Chuang, D.Y., Wang, S.Y., Kuo, Y.H., Tsai, P.W., & Shyur, L.F. (2004). Metabolite profiling and chemopreventive bioactivity of plant extracts from Bidens Pilosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2–3), 409–419. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushnie, T.T., & Lamb, A.J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26(5), 343–356. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwish, R.M., Aburjai, T., Al-Khalil, S., Mahafza, A., & Al-Abbadi, A. (2002). Screening of antibiotic resistant inhibitors from local plant materials against two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79, 359–364. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00411-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dictionary of Natural Products (Online). Retrieved December 29, 2015, from http://dnp.chemnetbase.com/dictionary-search.do;jsessionid=A9890698699B3BE33D7EEAB7ECEBF3B7?method=view&id=11497129&si=
   Google Scholar
• Giusti, M.M., Rodriguez-Saona, L.E., Griffin, D., & Wrolstad, R.E. (1999). Electrospray and tandem mass spectroscopy as tools for anthocyanin characterization. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47, 4657–4664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grombone-Guaratini, M.T., Silva-Brandão, K.L., Solferini, V.N., Semir, J., & Trigo, J.R. (2005). Sesquiterpene and polyacetylene profile of the Bidens pilosa complex (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) from Southeast of Brazil. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 33(5), 479–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harborne, J.B., & Baxter, H. (1999). The handbook of natural flavonoids. Volume 2, the handbook of natural flavonoids (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R., & Bobilya, D.J. (2002). Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 572–584. doi:10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00208-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero, M., Cifuentes, A., & Ibañez, E. (2006). Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae: A review. Food Chemistry, 98(1), 136–148. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirpara, K.V., Aggarwal, P., Mukherjee, A.J., Joshi, N., & Burman, A.C. (2009). Quercetin and its derivatives: Synthesis, pharmacological uses with special emphasis on anti-tumor properties and prodrug with enhanced bio-availability. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(2), 138–161. doi:10.2174/187152009787313855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., & Hölzl, J. (1988). A methylated chalcone glucoside from Bidens Pilosa. Phytochemistry, 27(11), 3700–3701. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)80806-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiuchi, M., & Seyama, Y. (2008). Improvement of the antiinflammatory and antiallergic activity of Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata SCHERFF treated with enzyme (cellulosine). Journal of Health Science, 54(3), 294–301. doi:10.1248/jhs.54.294
   Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal component analysis Springer Series in Statistics (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kajdžanoska, M., Gjamovski, V., & Stefova, M. (2010). HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn identification of phenolic compounds in cultivated strawberries from Macedonia. Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 29(2), 181–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoza, B.S., Chimuka, L., Mukwevho, E., Mukwevho, E., Steenkamp, P.A., & Madala, N.E. (2014). The effect of temperature on pressurized hot water extraction of pharmacologically-important metabolites as analyzed by UPLC-qTOF-MS and PCA. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014 (Article ID 914759), 1–9. doi:10.1155/2014/914759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoza, B.S., Dubery, I.A., Byth-Illing, H.A., Steenkamp, P.A., Chimuka, L., & Madala, N.E. (2015). Optimization of pressurized hot water extraction of flavonoids from Momordica foetida using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and multivariate chemometric approaches. Food Analytical Methods, 2015, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Khoza, B.S., Gbashi, S., Steenkamp, P.A., Njobeh, P.B., & Madala, N.E. (2016). Identification of hydroxylcinnamoyl tartaric acid esters in Bidens pilosa by UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. South African Journal of Botany, 2016, 96–100.
   Google Scholar
• Kil, J.S., Son, Y., Cheong, Y.K., Kim, N.H., Jeong, H.J., Kwon, J.W. … Pae, H.O. (2011). Okanin, a chalcone found in the genus Bidens, and 3-penten-2-one inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via heme oxygenase-1 induction in RAW264.7 macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 50(1), 53–58. doi:10.3164/jcbn.11-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J.W. (2000). Advances in critical fluid technology for food processing. Food Science and Technology Today, 14, 186–191.
   Google Scholar
• KNApSAcK Metabolite Information Database (Online). KNApSAcK: A comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database. Retrieved December 29, 2015, from http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/top.html
   Google Scholar
• Ko, M.J., Cheigh, C.I., Cho, S.W., & Chung, M.S. (2011). Subcritical water extraction of flavonol quercetin from onion skin. Journal of Food Engineering, 102, 327–333. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, M.J., Cheigh, C.I., & Chung, M.S. (2014). Relationship analysis between flavonoids structure and subcritical water extraction (SWE). Food Chemistry, 143, 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton, P.M., Hecker, K.D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S.M., Binkoski, A.E., Hilpert, K.F. … Etherton, T.D. (2002). Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American Journal of Medicine, 113(9), 71–88. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton, P.M., Lefevre, M., Beecher, G.R., Gross, M.D., Keen, C.L., & Etherton, T.D. (2004). Bioactive compounds in nutrition and health-research methodologies for establishing biological function: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids on atherosclerosis. Annual Reviews in Nutrition, 24, 511–538. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, A., & Dinjus, E. (2007). Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant properties and synthesis reactions. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 39, 362–380. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Gupta, A., & Pandey, A.K. (2013). Calotropis procera root extract has the capability to combat free radical mediated damage. ISRN Pharmacology, 2013 (Article ID 691372), 1–8. doi:10.1155/2013/691372
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., & Pandey, A.K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013 (Article ID 162750), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, B.Y., Chen, T.Y., Huang, S.H., Kuo, T.F., Chang, T.H., Chiang, C.K. … Chang, C.L.T. (2015). Bidens pilosa formulation improves blood homeostasis and B-cell function in men: A pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, H.W.C., Lin, C.J., Hour, M.J., Yang, W.H., Wang, M.Y., & Lee, H.Z. (2007). Kaempferol induces apoptosis in human lung non-small carcinoma cells accompanied by an induction of antioxidant enzymes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(10), 2005–2013. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Kuang, H.X., Okada, Y., & Okuyama, T. (2005). New flavanone and chalcone glucosides from Bidens bipinnata Linn. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 7(1), 67–70. doi:10.1080/10286020310001617147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., & Fan, Q. (2013). Application of sub-critical water extraction in pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 01, 1–6. doi:10.4236/msce.2013.15001
   Google Scholar
• Madala, N.E., Steenkamp, P.A., Piater, L.A., & Dubery, I.A. (2013). Metabolomic analysis of isonitrosoacetophenone-induced perturbations in phenolic metabolism of Nicotiana tabacum cells. Phytochemistry, 94, 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madala, N.E., Tugizimana, F., & Steenkamp, P. (2014). Development and optimization of an UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method based on an in-source collision induced dissociation approach for comprehensive discrimination of chlorogenic acids isomers from Momordica plant species. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2014, 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/650879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makita, H., Tanaka, T., Fujitsuka, H., Tatematsu, N., Satoh, K., Hara, A., & Mori, H. (1996). Chemoprevention of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat oral carcinogenesis by the dietary flavonoids chalcone, 2-hydroxychalcone, and quercetin. Cancer Research, 56(21), 4904–4909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marfe, G., Tafani, M., Indelicato, M., Sinibaldi-Salimei, P., Reali, V., Pucci, B. … Russo, M.A. (2009). Kaempferol induces apoptosis in two different cell lines via Akt inactivation, Bax and SIRT3 activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 106(4), 643–650. doi:10.1002/jcb.v106:4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martucci, M.E.P., De Vos, R.C.H., Carollo, C.A., & Gobbo-Neto, L. (2014). Metabolomics as a potential chemotaxonomical tool: Application in the genus Vernonia schreb. PloS One, 9, 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, W. (2009). Investigation of the fate of dietary flavonols in humans and rats using HPLC-MS2 techniques ( Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis). Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Mushtaq, M.Y., Choi, Y.H., Verpoorte, R., & Wilson, E.G. (2014). Extraction for metabolomics. Phytochemical Analysis, 25(4), 291–306. doi:10.1002/pca.2505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, A.K. (2007). Anti-staphylococcal activity of a pan-tropical aggressive and obnoxious weed Parthenium histerophorus: An in vitro study. National Academy Science Letters, 30(11–12), 383–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramabulana, T., Mavunda, R.D., Steenkamp, P.A., Piater, L.A., Dubery, I.A., & Madala, N.E. (2015). Secondary metabolite perturbations in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves due to gamma radiation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 97, 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, B., Jones, B., Ezzell, J., Porter, N., Avdalovic, N., & Pohl, C. (1996). Accelerated solvent extraction: A technique for sample preparation. Analytical Chemistry, 68, 1033–1039. doi:10.1021/ac9508199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, P., Toral, M.I., & Toledo, C. (2006). Subcritical water extraction and determination of nifedipine in pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of AOAC International, 89(2), 365–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz, M., Gatzek, S., Sterling, A., Fiehn, O., & Selbig, J. (2004). Metabolite fingerprinting: Detecting biological features by independent component analysis. Bioinformatics, 20(15), 2447–2454. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J.J., Cerdeira, C.D., Chavasco, J.M., Cintra, A.B., Silva, C.B., Mendonça, A.N. … Chavasco, J.K. (2014). In vitro screening antibacterial activity of Bidens pilosa Linné and Annona crassiflora Mart. against oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) from the aerial environment at the dental clinic. Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo, 56(4), 333–340. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652014000400011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, F.L., Fischer, D.C.H., Tavares, J.F., Silva, M.S., De Athayde-Filho, P.F., & Barbosa-Filho, J.M. (2011). Compilation of secondary metabolites from Bidens pilosa L. Molecules, 16(2), 1070–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, T., Pranovich, A., & Holmbom, B. (2011). Characterization of Norway spruce hemicelluloses extracted by pressurized hot-water extraction (ASE) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. Holzforschung, 65(1), 32–45. doi:10.1515/hf.2011.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundararajan, P., Dey, A., Smith, A., Doss, A.G., Rajappan, M., & Natarajan, S. (2006). Studies of anticancer and antipyretic activity of Bidens pilosa whole plant. African Health Sciences, 6(1), 27–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tambellini, N.P., Zaremberg, V., Turner, R.J., & Weljie, A.M. (2013). Evaluation of extraction protocols for simultaneous polar and nonpolar yeast metabolite analysis using multivariate projection methods. Metabolites, 3(3), 592–605. doi:10.3390/metabo3030592
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tapas, A.R., Sakarkar, D.M., & Kakde, R.B. (2008). Flavonoids as nutraceuticals: A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7(3), 1089–1099. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v7i3.14693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, C.C., Tan, S.N., Yong, J., Hew, C.S., & Ong, E.S. (2010). Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). Journal of Chromatography A, 1217, 2484–2494. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tereza, G.G.M., Mansanares, M.E., Semir, J., & Solferini, V.N. (2006). Chromosomal studies of three species of Bidens (L.) (Asteraceae). Caryologia, 59(1), 14–18. doi:10.1080/00087114.2006.10797892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergara-Salinas, J.R., Bulnes, P., Zúñiga, M.C., Pérez-Jiménez, J., Torres, J.L., Mateos-Martín, M.L. … Pérez-Correa, J.R. (2013). Effect of pressurized hot water extraction on antioxidants from grape pomace before and after enological fermentation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(28), 6929–6936. doi:10.1021/jf4010143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Yang, H., Lin, Z.W., & Sun, H.D. (1997). Flavonoids from Bidens pilosa var. radiata. Phytochemistry, 46(7), 1275–1278. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)80026-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H.L., Chen, S.C., Chang, N.W., Chang, J.M., Lee, M.L., Tsai, P.C. … Hseu, Y.C. (2006). Protection from oxidative damage using Bidens pilosa extracts in normal human erythrocytes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(9), 1513–1521. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X.W., Huang, M.Z., Jin, Y.S., Sun, L.N., Song, Y., & Chen, H.S. (2012). Phenolics from Bidens bipinnata and their amylase inhibitory properties. Fitoterapia, 83(7), 1169–1175. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Hildebrand, F. (2006). Phenanthrene degradation in subcritical water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 555, 364–369. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar