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Original Articles

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals; A Review

Pages 33-48 | Received 06 Dec 1976, Published online: 21 Mar 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Jamal Hemine, Abdelhamid El Kaaouachi, Mimoun Ismaili, Redouane Douali, Christian Legrand & Abdelylah Daoudi. (2021) Electro-optic and dielectric properties of polymer networks stabilised short pitch chiral smectic C* liquid crystal. Liquid Crystals 48:9, pages 1231-1246.
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Vijayashree Patil Navalkal, Bhyranalyar Nagarajappa Veerabhadraswamy, Susanta Chakraborty, Sharanabasava Murugendrappa Khened, Ramappa Dundappa Mathad & Channabasaveshwar Veerappa Yelamaggad. (2021) Investigation of dielectric behavior of two different Schiff base ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 571:1, pages 85-95.
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A. V. S. N. Krishna Murthy, M. Srinivasulu, M. L. N. Madhumohan, M. Muni Prasad, Y. V. Rao, A. V. N. Ashok Kumar, P. V. Chalapathy & D. M. Potukuchi. (2021) Influence of molecular architecture, hydrogen bonding, chemical moieties and flexible chain for smectic polymorphism in (4)EoBD(3)AmBA:nOBAs. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 715:1, pages 1-36.
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Swapnil Doke, Aparna Shinde, V. Raghavendra Reddy, Prasun Ganguly & Shailaja Mahamuni. (2020) Enhancement in electro-optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystal by doping perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dots. Liquid Crystals 47:7, pages 1111-1118.
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AVSN Krishna Murthy, M. Srinivasulu, AVN Ashok Kumar, YV Rao & DM Potukuchi. (2020) Influence of meta-extended rigid-core, complementary hydrogen bonding and flexible chain on polymorphism in Schiff-base liquid crystals: (4)MeOBD(3)AmBA:nOBAs. Liquid Crystals 47:4, pages 582-603.
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S. Aksoy, M. Kurt & H. Yurtseven. (2020) Sm A – ferroelectric-Sm C transition in the mixture of C7 + 10.O.4 and in the ferroelectric C7. Ferroelectrics 554:1, pages 21-29.
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Katarzyna Gaładyk, Wiktor Piecek, Michał Czerwiński, Przemysław Morawiak, Maciej Chrunik & Zbigniew Raszewski. (2019) An effect of chiral dopants on mesomorphic and electro-optical properties of ferroelectric smectic mixture. Liquid Crystals 46:15, pages 2134-2148.
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K. Nachiyappan, S. R. Mahendra, S. Pavya, R. Manoj Kumar, M. Hari Kishor, N. Pongali Sathya Prabu & M.L.N. Madhu Mohan. (2019) Dielectric Investigations in a Room Temperature Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 681:1, pages 32-44.
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A. V. Emelyanenko & E. S. Filimonova. (2018) Molecular-statistical approach to the description of tilted smectic phases. Phase Transitions 91:9-10, pages 984-993.
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Hideo Takezoe. (2017) Polar liquid crystals – ferro, antiferro, banana, and columnar –. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 646:1, pages 46-65.
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Ramneek Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur Bhullar & K. K. Raina. (2016) Effects of silver nanoparticles doping on morphology and luminescence behaviour of ferroelectric liquid crystals Langmuir–Blodgett films. Liquid Crystals 43:12, pages 1760-1767.
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Harrod P. Logbo, Yaovi Gagou, Roman Dabrowski, Magdalena Zurowska & Bruno Mettout. (2016) Dielectric behaviour and dechiralization lines dynamics of a pure Smectic-C* in confined geometry: onset of mesoscopic ferrielectricity. Liquid Crystals 43:5, pages 639-647.
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C.C. Huang, Shun Wang, LiDong Pan, Z.Q. Liu, B.K. McCoy, Yuji Sasaki, Kenji Ema, P. Barois & Ron Pindak. (2015) Liquid crystal mesophases beyond commensurate four-layer periodicity. Liquid Crystals Reviews 3:1, pages 58-78.
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M.B. Pandey, Sharad Kumar Pandey, U.B. Singh, R. Dhar, M. Tykarska & R. Dąbrowski. (2014) Dielectric characterisation of a ferroelectric liquid crystalline material having SmA*–SmC*–SmBh* phase sequence. Liquid Crystals 41:12, pages 1879-1888.
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S.V. Subrahmanyam, P.V. Chalapathi, S. Mahabaleswara, M. Srinivasulu & D.M. Potukuchi. (2014) Ferroelectric phases in non-symmetric achiral bent liquid crystals towards ambient temperatures: a novel series with oxadiazol as central moiety. Liquid Crystals 41:8, pages 1130-1151.
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A.V.N. Ashok Kumar, B. Sridevi, M. Srinivasulu, P. V. Chalapathi & D. M. Potukuchi. (2014) Inductive effect for the phase stability in hydrogen bonded liquid crystals, x-(p/m)BA:9OBAs. Liquid Crystals 41:2, pages 184-196.
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SreehariSastry Sreeramakavacham, B.Gowri Sankara Rao, K. Mallika, T.Vindhya Kumari, S. Lakshminarayana & SieTiong Ha. (2013) Novel method for order parameter of ferroelectric liquid crystals by image analysis. Liquid Crystals 40:3, pages 384-390.
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S. Sreehari Sastry, S.T. Ha, B. Gowri Sankara Rao, K. Mallika & T. Vindhya Kumari. (2012) Optical properties of a mesogen by image analysis. Liquid Crystals 39:11, pages 1414-1419.
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Ramneek Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur Bhullar & K.K. Raina. (2012) Behaviour of an ultrathin ferroelectric liquid crystal Langmuir–Blodgett film at an air–water and air–solid interface. Liquid Crystals 39:11, pages 1375-1380.
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Luciano De Sio, Sameh Ferjani, Giuseppe Strangi, Cesare Umeton & Roberto Bartolino. (2012) General Purpose Soft Template for Photonic Applications: From All-Optical to Electrical Reconfigurability. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 553:1, pages 147-152.
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FrançOis Porzio, Etienne Levert & Armand Soldera. (2012) Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the SmC Phase. Ferroelectrics 431:1, pages 121-128.
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Keiki Kishikawa, Shoichiro Nakahara, Masanori Natsukawa, Keiichi Suzuki & Shigeo Kohmoto. (2010) Relation between the Spontaneous Polarization and Alkyl Chain Length in Ferroelectric Switching of Columnar Liquid-Crystalline Ureas. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 516:1, pages 107-113.
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Yuki Sakai, Masashi Torikai & Mamoru Yamashita. (2010) On Discrete Soliton and Soliton Lattice at SmCα∗-SmC Transition Driven by an Electric Field. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 516:1, pages 81-90.
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B. Sreedevi, P. V. Chalapathi, V. K. M. Kotikalapudi, V. G. K. M. Pisipati & D. M. Potukuchi. (2009) Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on Device Parameters and Field Response in N* and SmC* Phases of a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal, HBFLC: 12 bpa. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 515:1, pages 71-98.
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Yu Sugimoto , Masashi Torikai & Mamoru Yamashita. (2009) A Change of Structure and Discrete Soliton at Smectic in an Electric Field. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 511:1, pages 348/[1818]-359/[1829].
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U. Manna, Jang-Kun Song, A. D. L. Chandani & J. K. Vij. (2009) Effects of Confinement and Electric Field on the Dielectric Behavior of Smectic- Phase. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 512:1, pages 21/[1867]-31/[1877].
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Keiki Kishikawa, Shoichiro Nakahara, Yohei Nishikawa, Masanori Natsukawa & Shigeo Kohmoto. (2009) Ferroelectrically Switchable Columnar Liquid Crystalline Ureas. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 498:1, pages 11-18.
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Fabiano Vargas Pereira, Aloir Antonio Merlo, Françoise Bley, Isabelle Morfin, Olga Maria Ritter, Nádya Pesce da Silveira & Françoise Ehrburger‐Dolle. (2008) Smectic ordering in side‐chain liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) and in LCP–silica nanocomposites. Liquid Crystals 35:3, pages 299-313.
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Y. Mieda & K. Furutani. (2007) A self-consistent approach for the SmA–SmC* phase transition. Philosophical Magazine 87:24, pages 3555-3564.
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Masashi Torikai & Mamoru Yamashita. (2007) Field Induced SmCα*-SmC Transition and Discrete Soliton Excitation. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 465:1, pages 239-247.
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H. Yoshimitsu, Y. Tamura & M. Machida. (2007) NMR Study of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal DOBAMBC. Ferroelectrics 348:1, pages 144-148.
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Atsuo Fukuda, Ichiro Kawamura, Y. Suzuki, T. Hagiwara, I. Kawamura, N. Okamura, T. Kitazume, M. Kakimoto, Y. Imai, Y. Ouchi, H. Takezoe & A. Fukuda. (2006) Back to the future: 30 years in challenging smectic liquid crystal displays and in clarifying scientific wonders. Liquid Crystals 33:11-12, pages 1339-1349.
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Koji Miyayama, Tomoyuki Seki, Aya Iwahori & Kazuyuki Hiraoka. (2006) Molecular Dynamics in Chiral Smectic Phases Investigated by 13C-NMR Spin Lattice Relaxation Time Observation. Ferroelectrics 343:1, pages 111-118.
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J. L. De Bougrenet De La Tocnaye. (2004) Engineering liquid crystals for optimal uses in optical communication systems . Liquid Crystals 31:2, pages 241-269.
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S.M. SAID, E.E. KRIEZIS, L.A. PARRY-JONES & S.J. ELSTON. (2004) Optical Determination of Twist Elastic Constant of the Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystal SCE8. Ferroelectrics 311:1, pages 3-9.
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SVENT. LAGERWALL. (2004) Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Ferroelectrics 301:1, pages 15-45.
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Maura Belloni, M. Manickam, PeterR. Ashton, BensonM. Kariuki, JonA. Preece, Neil Spencer & John Wilkie. (2001) The X-Ray Crystal Structures and Computational Analysis of NH…π Hydrogen Bonded Banana-Shaped Carbazole Derivatives and Thermal Analysis of Higher Mesogenic Homologues. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 369:1, pages 17-35.
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V.G.K.M. Pisipati, P.A. Kumar & M.L.N. Madhu Mohan. (2000) Design and Synthesis of Linear and Bow Shaped Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Isomers Derived From L-Tyrosine. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 350:1, pages 141-149.
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Junji Watanabe, Liu Yuqing, Hitoshi Tuchiya & Hideo Takezoe. (2000) Polar Liquid Crystals Formed from Polar Rigid-Rod Polyester Based on Hydroxy Benzoic Acid and Hydroxy Naphthoic Acid. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 346:1, pages 9-18.
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DebinderS. Pabla & SteveJ. Elston. (2000) Letter surface and bulk reorientation in ferroelectric liquid crystals. Journal of Modern Optics 47:8, pages 1297-1305.
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C.-K. Lee & L.-C. Chien. (2000) Helical superstructure from an achiral banana-shaped liquid crystal. Ferroelectrics 243:1, pages 231-237.
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S. Kundu, S. Sinha Roy, T. Pal Majumder & S.K. Roy. (2000) Spontaneous polarization and response time of polymer dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal (PDFLC). Ferroelectrics 243:1, pages 197-206.
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KeithM. Blackwood. (2000) Displays. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 45:3-4, pages 585-619.
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Marta Becchi, Pontus Jägemalm, Pascal Hubert & Claudio Oldano. (1999) Electrically Deformed Short Pitch Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 328:1, pages 383-390.
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Ruibo Lu, Keshu Xu, Shuyan Zhang, Yongkang Le, Huihua Deng, Ning Gu & Zuhong Lu. (1999) The Characteristics of SSFLC Cells with Stripe-Shaped Domain Structure. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 333:1, pages 35-45.
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I. Dierking & S.T. Lagerwall. (1999) Dependence of the SmC* layer reorientation dynamics on enantiomeric excess. Ferroelectrics 227:1, pages 97-104.
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Xian-Shan Wang & Jianxun Wen. (1998) Mesomorphic properties of novel liquid crystals with tetrafluorobiphenylene. Ferroelectrics 207:1, pages 431-443.
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A.A. Merlo, P.R. Livotto, H.A. O. Gallardo & T.R. Taylor. (1998) Synthesis and Phase Behavior of Ferroelectric Chiral Imines from (S)-(-)-Ethyllactate. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 309:1, pages 111-116.
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F. Gieβszelmann, A. Heimann & P. Zugenmaier. (1997) Experimental determination of Landau-expansion coefficients in ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 200:1, pages 237-256.
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DemetriJ. Photinos, AndreasF. Terzis, EdwardT. Samulski, TheoJ. Dingemans, Aidi Chen & Chi-Duen Poon. (1997) Spontaneous Polarization in Tilted Smectics. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 292:1, pages 265-276.
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J.W. Goodby. (1997) A Pictorial Approach to Helical Macrostructures in Smectic Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 292:1, pages 245-263.
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G. Hauck, H.D. Koswig & C. Selbmann. (1996) Measurement of the viscosity of ferroelectric liquid crystals in free-standing films. Liquid Crystals 21:6, pages 847-853.
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G. Padmaja Rani, D.M. Potukuchi, N.V. S. Rao & V.G. K. M. Pisipati. (1996) Low-Frequency Dielectric Investigations of Smectic-C Tilt Angle. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 289:1, pages 169-180.
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Byoungchoo Park, Moojong Lim, Ju-Hyun Lee, Jae-Hoon Kim & Sin-Doo Lee. (1996) Electric Field-Controlled Optical Nonlinearity in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 280:1, pages 115-122.
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Tomoko Ota, Yasuyuki Kimura & Reinosuke Hayakawa. (1996) Dynamics of dislocations in the Twist-Grain-Boundary-A phase of liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 178:1, pages 125-133.
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J.R. Sambles, Fuzi Yang & G.W. Bradberry. (1996) Half leaky guided wave study of homeotropically aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 179:1, pages 257-264.
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Byoungchoo Park, Moojong Lim, Ju-Hyun Lee, Jae-Hoon Kim & Sin-Doo Lee. (1996) Nonlinear optical anisotropy associated with polar ordering in ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 179:1, pages 231-240.
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Axel Kilian, H.D. Koswig & André Sonnet. (1995) Theory of Pattern Formation in a Freestanding Ferroelectric Film in a Rotating Electric Field. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 265:1, pages 321-334.
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S. Ito, F. Kremer, T. Fischer & W. Knoll. (1995) Guided Optical Waves in a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Layer: A Birefringence Analysis of Molecular Orientation on the Switching Process. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 264:1, pages 99-114.
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Y. Suzuki, S. Hasegawa & A. Hatta. (1995) Interfacial Molecular Interactions Between Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal and Polyvinylalcohol Films as Probed by Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 264:1, pages 1-10.
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GeethaG. Nair, S. Krishna Prasad & S. Chandrasekhar. (1995) Measurements of Pitch of a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal at High Pressures. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 263:1, pages 311-323.
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Setsuko Mukai & Masahiro Nakagawa. (1995) A Study of Defects in SSFLC Under a DC Electric Field. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 263:1, pages 179-187.
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SteveJ. Elston. (1995) The Optics of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Journal of Modern Optics 42:1, pages 19-56.
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K. Radley. (1995) An amphiphile system forming a lyotropic blue phase. Liquid Crystals 18:1, pages 151-155.
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Jae-Hoon Kim, Sin-Doo Lee, J.S. Patel & J.W. Goodby. (1994) Sign Inversion of Induced Molecular Tilt in Chiral Smectic A Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 247:1, pages 293-302.
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Czeslaw Rymarz. (1994) Macroscopic Continuum Theory of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal of Smectic C Type. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 249:1, pages 1-16.
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D.K. Das Gupta, E.C. Bolton, D. Lacey & J.W. Goodby. (1994) Pyroelectric properties of polymeric liquid crystal systems. Ferroelectrics 156:1, pages 167-172.
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J.W. Goodby, A.J. Slaney, C.J. Booth, I. Nishiyama, J.D. Vuijk, P. Styring & K.J. Toyne. (1994) Chirality and Frustration in Ordered Fluids. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 243:1, pages 231-298.
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F. Gouda, T. Carlsson, G. Andersson, S.T. Lagerwall & B. Stebler. (1994) Manifestation of biquadratic coupling in the smectic C∗ phase soft mode dielectric response. Liquid Crystals 16:2, pages 315-322.
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Frank Gießelmann & Peter Zugenmaier. (1993) Coupled Director and Layer Reorientation in Layer Tilted Ferroelectric Smectic Liquid Crystal Cells. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 237:1, pages 121-143.
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JR Sambles & Fuzi Yang. (1993) Guided wave study of the optical tensor configuration in FLC cells. Ferroelectrics 149:1, pages 87-96.
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HelmutR. Brand & Harald Pleiner. (1993) Dynamic Electroacoustic Effects in Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 226:1, pages 189-194.
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D. M. Potukuchi, N. V. S. Rao & V. G. K. M. Pisipati. (1993) Phase transitions in ferro-electric liquid crystal dobambc by density. Ferroelectrics 141:1, pages 287-296.
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Masahiro Nakagawa. (1993) On the dynamics of ferro- and antiferro-electric liquid crystals. Liquid Crystals 14:6, pages 1763-1784.
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J.R. Hughes & E.P. Raynes. (1993) A new set of high speed matrix addressing schemes for ferroelectric liquid crystal displays. Liquid Crystals 13:4, pages 597-601.
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Mihaela Dumitru, Cornelia Motoc, Maria Honciuc & Raluca Honctuc. (1992) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Some Fatty Acids‐Cholesterol Mixtures. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 215:1, pages 295-302.
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Z. Raszevski, J. Rutkowska, J. Kedzierski, J. Zmija & R. Dabrovski. (1991) Investigations on a New Chiral LC Mixture W-22. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 207:1, pages 59-76.
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P.W. H. Surguy, P.J. Ayliffe, M.J. Birch, M.F. Bone, I. Coulson, W.A. Crossland, J.R. Hughes, P.W. Ross, F.C. Saunders & M.J. Towler. (1991) The “JOERS/Alvey” ferroelectric multiplexing scheme. Ferroelectrics 122:1, pages 63-79.
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M.H. Anderson, J.C. Jones, E.P. Raynes & M.J. Towler. (1991) Optical studies of high tilt SiO aligned thin layers of smectic C materials. Liquid Crystals 10:3, pages 439-444.
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Y.B. Yang, T. Bang, A. Mochizuki & S. Kobayashi. (1991) The surface anchoring dependence of the dielectric constant of an FLC material showing electroclinic effect. Ferroelectrics 121:1, pages 113-125.
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S.U. Vallerien, F. Kremer, H. Kresse, B. Linström & C. Tschierske. (1991) Low frequency dielectric spectroscopy on mixtures containing ferroelectric liquid crystals. Liquid Crystals 9:5, pages 757-762.
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Kohji Tashiro, Jian-An Hou & Masamichi Kobayashi. (1991) Structural Changes Occurring in the Phase Transition of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals [I Temperature Dependence of the X-Ray Diffraction and FTIR/Raman Spectra. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 200:1, pages 145-155.
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I. Abdulhalim & G. Moddel. (1991) Electrically and Optically Controlled Light Modulation and Color Switching Using Helix Distortion of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 200:1, pages 79-101.
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Yoichi Takanishi, Yukio Ouchi, Hideo Takezoe, Atsuo Fukuda, Akihiro Mochizuki & Masakatsu Nakatsuka. (1991) Spontaneous Formation of Quasi-Book-shelf Layer Structure in New Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Derived from a Naphthalene Ring. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 199:1, pages 111-118.
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A.R. Imamaliyev, D.F. Aliyev & M.G. Najafova. (1991) Thickness and Temperature Dependence of the Switching Process Threshold Voltage in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Letters 8:3, pages 53-57.
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Helmut R. Brand & Harald Pleiner. (1991) Dielectric Properties near the A-C Transition in Smectic Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Letters 8:1, pages 11-16.
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Ingolf Dahl & Sven Torbjörn Lagerwall. (1991) The order parameter and the Landau expansion in the chiral smectic C phase. Ferroelectrics 113:1, pages 77-102.
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W.J. A. Goossens. (1991) A molecular model for the ferroelectric smectic C phase. Ferroelectrics 113:1, pages 51-58.
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R. Kiefer & G. Baur. (1990) Density studies on various smectic liquid crystals. Liquid Crystals 7:6, pages 815-837.
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S.T. Lagerwall, N.A. Clark, J. Dijon & J.F. Clerc. (1989) Ferroelectric liquid crystals: The development of devices. Ferroelectrics 94:1, pages 3-62.
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A.Z. Rabinovich, M.V. Loseva, N.I. Chernova, E.P. Pozhidaev, O.S. Petrashevich & J.S. Narkevich. (1989) Manifestation of chiral asymmetry of ferroelectric liquid crystals induced by optically active dipole dopants in a linear electrooptic effect. Liquid Crystals 6:5, pages 533-543.
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K. Skarp & M.A. Handschy. (1988) Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Material Properties and Applications. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 165:1, pages 439-509.
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Mercedes Marcos, Jose Luis Serrano, M. Teresa Sierra, Jesus Etxebarria & Amaia Ezcurra. (1988) A new s chiral smectic family derived from 2, 2′, 4, 4′—tetrahydroxybenzalazine. Ferroelectrics 85:1, pages 415-423.
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N.A. Clark, T.P. Rieker & J.E. Maclennan. (1988) Director and layer structure of SSFLC cells. Ferroelectrics 85:1, pages 79-97.
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J.P. Parneix & C. Legrand. (1988) Dielectric properties of ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectrics 84:1, pages 199-207.
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Hans-Rolf Dübal, Claus Escher & Dieter Ohlendorf. (1988) Dependence of spontaneous polarization, rotational viscosity and helical pitch of smectic c* compounds on the enantiomeric excess. Ferroelectrics 84:1, pages 143-165.
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Ch. Bahr, G. Heppke & B. Sabaschus. (1988) Chiral-racemic phase diagram of a ferroelectric liquid crystal with high spontaneous polarization. Ferroelectrics 84:1, pages 103-118.
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C.C. Huang, R.J. Raschke & T. Min. (1988) The relation among the tilt-angle, polarization and helical pitch in the chiral-smectic-C phase. Ferroelectrics 84:1, pages 15-24.
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JasonC. Liang & Satyendra Kumar. (1988) The Synthesis of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 159:1, pages 115-125.
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L.A. Beresnev, L.M. Blinov, M.A. Osipov & S.A. Pikin. (1988) Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 158:1, pages 1-150.
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G. Spruce & R.D. Pringle. (1988) Measurement of spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals. Liquid Crystals 3:4, pages 507-518.
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C. Escher, T. Geelhaar & E. Bohm. (1988) Measurement of the rotational viscosity of ferroelectric liquid crystals based on a simple dynamical model. Liquid Crystals 3:4, pages 469-484.
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Bruce Hahn & Virgil Percec. (1988) Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 157:1, pages 125-150.
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SvenT. Lagerwall, Bengt Otterholm & Kent Skarp. (1987) Material Properties of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals and Their Relevance for Applications and Devices. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 152:1, pages 503-587.
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Nándor Éber. (1987) Low Frequency Dielectric Response of Chiral Smectic C. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 151:1, pages 179-191.
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J.D. Le Grange, M.G. Kuzyk & K.D. Singer. (1987) Effects of Order on Nonlinear Optical Processes in Organic Molecular Materials. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 150:1, pages 567-605.
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J.S. Patel & J.W. Goodby. (1987) The Magnitude of the Spontaneous Polarization in Two Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 144:5, pages 117-125.
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W.J. A. Goossens. (1986) Tilt and temperature dependence of the pitch in the chiral smectic C phase. Liquid Crystals 1:6, pages 521-528.
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Masahiro Nakagawa. (1985) A Molecular Theory of Chiral Smectic C iquid Crystals I. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 130:3-4, pages 349-390.
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Shoichi Kai, Tetsuya Hashimoto, Ko Ose & Mashahide Imasaki. (1985) Triple Hysteresis Loop of a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 130:1-2, pages 143-162.
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N.M. Shtykov, M.I. Barnik, L.A. Beresnev & L.M. Blinov. (1985) A Study of a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Using Second Optical Harmonic Generation. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 124:1, pages 379-390.
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Marija Vilfan, Robert Blinc & Venceslav Rutar. (1984) Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Dispersion Study of the Ferroelectric Smectic Phases in Dobambc. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 114:1-3, pages 271-281.
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H.R. Brand & P.E. Cladis. (1984) First Truly Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 114:1-3, pages 207-235.
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S.T. Lagerwall & I. Dahl. (1984) Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 114:1-3, pages 151-187.
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Patrick Keller. (1984) Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals with New Chiral Building Blocks. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 102:10, pages 295-305.
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Cornelia Moţoc, Constantin Roşu, Râzvan Mitroi & Maria Honciuc. (1984) Ferroelectricity in mixtures of mesogenic and nonmesogenic compounds. Phase Transitions 4:4, pages 305-313.
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