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Original Articles

Data‐derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants

Pages 275-305 | Published online: 10 Jan 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (47)

Guangqiu Qin, Yuqiu Gao, Pingjing Wen, Guiqiang Liang, Peng Zhao, Baiqing Dong, Song Tang & Kamran Shekh. (2022) Evaluation of the genotoxicity and teratogenicity of xylan using different model approaches. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 45:1, pages 340-346.
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Sarah D. Burnett, Moumita Karmakar, William J. Murphy, Weihsueh A. Chiu & Ivan Rusyn. (2021) A new approach method for characterizing inter-species toxicodynamic variability. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 84:24, pages 1020-1039.
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Emma E.J. Kasteel & Remco H.S. Westerink. (2021) Refining in vitro and in silico neurotoxicity approaches by accounting for interspecies and interindividual differences in toxicodynamics. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 17:8, pages 1007-1017.
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Emma Arnesdotter, Vera Rogiers, Tamara Vanhaecke & Mathieu Vinken. (2021) An overview of current practices for regulatory risk assessment with lessons learnt from cosmetics in the European Union. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 51:5, pages 395-417.
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Linjing Deng, Hui Liu & Qihong Deng. (2021) Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzo(a)pyrene and the metabolite in humans of different ages. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 31:2, pages 202-214.
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Yejin Esther Yun & Andrea N. Edginton. (2019) Model qualification of the PK-Sim® pediatric module for pediatric exposure assessment of CYP450 metabolized compounds. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 82:14, pages 789-814.
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S. Cyrus Khojasteh, Grover P. Miller, Kaushik Mitra & Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens. (2018) Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions – 2017 literature highlights. Drug Metabolism Reviews 50:3, pages 221-255.
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Virunya S. Bhat, M.E. (Bette) Meek, Mathieu Valcke, Caroline English, Alan Boobis & Richard Brown. (2017) Evolution of chemical-specific adjustment factors (CSAF) based on recent international experience; increasing utility and facilitating regulatory acceptance. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 47:9, pages 733-753.
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Rik Oldenkamp, Mark A. J. Huijbregts & Ad M. J. Ragas. (2016) Uncertainty and variability in human exposure limits – a chemical-specific approach for ciprofloxacin and methotrexate. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 46:3, pages 261-278.
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D. A. Dankovic, B. D. Naumann, A. Maier, M. L. Dourson & L. S. Levy. (2015) The Scientific Basis of Uncertainty Factors Used in Setting Occupational Exposure Limits. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 12:sup1, pages S55-S68.
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Susan P. Felter, George P. Daston, Susan Y. Euling, Aldert H. Piersma & Melissa S. Tassinari. (2015) Assessment of health risks resulting from early-life exposures: Are current chemical toxicity testing protocols and risk assessment methods adequate?. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 45:3, pages 219-244.
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Michael Dourson, Richard A. Becker, Lynne T. Haber, Lynn H. Pottenger, Tiffany Bredfeldt & Penelope A. Fenner-Crisp. (2013) Advancing human health risk assessment: Integrating recent advisory committee recommendations. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 43:6, pages 467-492.
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Anthony E. Iyoho, James H. Stuhmiller & Laurel J. Ng. (2011) Assessing the application of acute toxic gas standards. Inhalation Toxicology 23:12, pages 707-723.
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A.M.J. Ragas. (2011) Trends and challenges in risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 8:3, pages 195-218.
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D.J. MacLachlan. (2009) Influence of physiological status on residues of lipophilic xenobiotics in livestock. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 26:5, pages 692-712.
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MichaelL. Dourson & AnnL. Parker. (2007) Past and Future Use of Default Assumptions and Uncertainty Factors: Default Assumptions, Misunderstandings, and New Concepts. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 13:1, pages 82-87.
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MelvinE. Andersen. (2007) Mode of Action and Tissue Dosimetry Considerations in Interspecies Extrapolation. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 13:1, pages 101-110.
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Alicja Mortensen. (2006) Sweeteners permitted in the European Union: safety aspects. Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition 50:3, pages 104-116.
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AbigailE. Mitchell, KulbirS. Bakshi, CaroleA. Kimmel, GermaineM. Buck, MaureenH. Feuston, PaulM. D. Foster, J.M. Friedman, JosephF. Holson, ClaudeL. Hughes, JohnA. Moore, BernardA. Schwetz, AnthonyR. Scialli, WilliamJ. Scott, CharlesV. Vorhees & BarryR. Zirkin. (2004) Evaluating Chemical and other Agent Exosures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 67:15-16, pages 1159-1314.
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GloriaA. Skowronski & MohamedS. Abdel-Rahman. (2004) The Role of Metabolism in Establishing Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors for n-Hexane and Methyl n-Butyl Ketone. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 10:1, pages 113-120.
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BruceD. Naumann, DavidG. Dolan & EdwardV. Sargent. (2004) Rationale for the Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors Used to Derive an Occupational Exposure Limit for Timolol Maleate. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 10:1, pages 99-111.
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LorenzR. Rhomberg. (2004) Separating Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Components in Empirical Adjustment Factor Distributions. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 10:1, pages 79-90.
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John C. Lipscomb, M. E. (Bette) Meek, Kannan Krishnan, Gregory L. Kedderis, Harvey Clewell & Lynne Haber. (2004) Incorporation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data into Risk Assessments. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 14:3, pages 145-158.
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J. Howlett, D.G. Edwards, A. Cockburn, P. Hepburn, J. Kleiner, D. Knorr, G. Kozianowski, D. Müller, A. Peijnenburg, I. Perrin, M. Poulsen & R. Walker. (2003) The safety assessment of Novel Foods and concepts to determine their safety in use. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 54:5, pages 1-32.
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Anthony D. Dayan. (2002) Risk assessment and risk communication. Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 21:1-2, pages 51-65.
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Clay B. Frederick, P. Robinan Gentry, Michele L. Bush, Larry G. Lomax, Kurt A. Black, Lavorgie Finch, Julia S. Kimbell, Kevin T. Morgan, Ravi P. Subramaniam, John B. Morris, James S. Ultman. (2001) A HYBRID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL FOR COMPARISON OF PREDICTED TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF ACRYLIC ACID AND OTHER VAPORS IN THE RAT AND HUMAN NASAL CAVITIES FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE. Inhalation Toxicology 13:5, pages 359-376.
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A. G. Renwick. (2000) The use of safety or uncertainty factors in the setting of acute reference doses. Food Additives & Contaminants 17:7, pages 627-635.
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Theo Vermeire, Hantzen Stevenson, Moniek N. Pieters, Monique Rennen, Wout Slob & Betty C. Hakkert. (1999) Assessment Factors for Human Health Risk Assessment: A Discussion Paper. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 29:5, pages 439-490.
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Benoît Schilter & AnthonyC. Huggett. (1998) The ADI as a basis to establish standards for pesticide residues in food products for infants and children. Food Additives & Contaminants 15:sup001, pages 83-89.
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A. G. Renwick. (1998) Toxicokinetics in infants and children in relation to the ADI and TDI. Food Additives & Contaminants 15:sup001, pages 17-35.
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R. Walker. (1998) Toxicity testing and derivation of the ADI. Food Additives & Contaminants 15:sup001, pages 11-16.
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J. C. Larsent & G. Pascal. (1998) Workshop on the applicability of the ADI to infants and children: Consensus summary. Food Additives & Contaminants 15:sup001, pages 1-9.
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M.E. Bette Meek. (1997) Perceived precision of risk estimates for carcinogenic versus non‐neoplastic effects: Implications for methodology. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 3:5, pages 673-679.
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GloriaA. Skowronski & MohamedS. Abdel‐Rahman. (1997) Interspecies comparison of kinetic data of chlorinated chemicals of potential relevance to risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 3:4, pages 635-653.
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DuckH. Suh & MohamedS. Abdel‐Rahman. (1997) Assessing human health risks of chemicals and drugs: An overview. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 3:4, pages 599-615.
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AbdelrazakM. Kadry, DuckH. Suh & MohamedS. Abdel‐Rahman. (1997) Kinetic and dynamic data of analgesics and NSAIDs drugs reduce 10X uncertainty factors. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 3:4, pages 567-578.
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BruceD. Naumann, PatriciaA. Weideman, Rakesh Dixit, ScottJ. Grossman, C. Frank Shen & EdwardV. Sargent. (1997) Use of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data to reduce uncertainties when setting occupational exposure limits for pharmaceuticals. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 3:4, pages 555-565.
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A. G. Renwick. (1996) Needs and methods for priority setting for estimating the intake of food additives. Food Additives & Contaminants 13:4, pages 467-475.
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SandraJ. S. Baird, JoshuaT. Cohen, JohnD. Graham, AlexanderI. Shlyakhter & JohnS. Evans. (1996) Noncancer Risk Assessment: A Probabilistic Alternative to Current Practice. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2:1, pages 79-102.
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AnnieM. Jarabek. (1995) Interspecies extrapolation based on mechanistic determinants of chemical disposition. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 1:5, pages 641-662.
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BruceD. Naumann & PatriciaA. Weideman. (1995) Scientific basis for uncertainty factors used to establish occupational exposure limits for pharmaceutical active ingredients. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 1:5, pages 590-613.
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MichaelL. Dourson$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1995) Overview: Uncertainty in noncancer risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 1:5, pages 513-515.
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A. G. Renwick. (1993) A data‐derived safety (uncertainty) factor for the intense sweetener, saccharin. Food Additives & Contaminants 10:3, pages 337-350.
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E. Poulsen. (1993) Case study: Erythrosine. Food Additives & Contaminants 10:3, pages 315-323.
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R. Kroes, I. Munro & E. Poulsen. (1993) Workshop on the scientific evaluation of the safety factor for the acceptable daily intake (ADI): Editorial summary. Food Additives & Contaminants 10:3, pages 269-273.
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