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Research Article

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Genotoxicity, Metabolism Enzymes, Metabolic Activation, and Mechanisms

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Pages 1-55 | Published online: 26 Feb 2004

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Kirsten Knoop, Karin Knappstein, Florian Kaltner, Angelika Miriam Gabler, Julian Taenzer, Anja These, Susanne Kersten, Ulrich Meyer, Jana Frahm, Jeannette Kluess, Liane Hüther, Christoph Gottschalk, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, Janine Saltzmann & Sven Dänicke. (2023) Short-term exposure of dairy cows to pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.): effects on health and performance. Archives of Animal Nutrition 77:5, pages 363-384.
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Elisabeth Eckert, Hans Lepper & Henning Hintzsche. (2023) Risk assessment of short-term intake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: derivation of an acute reference dose. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 40:4, pages 588-596.
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Houari Benamar, Lamberto Tomassini, Claudio Frezza, Abderrazak Marouf, Malika Bennaceur & Marcello Nicoletti. (2021) First study on the pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Pardoglossum cheirifolium (L.) E.Barbier & Mathez.: GC-MS analysis of their volatile components in the whole plant. Natural Product Research 35:21, pages 4098-4103.
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Xiaobo He, Qingsu Xia, Qiang Shi & Peter P. Fu. (2021) Metabolism of carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides by rat primary hepatocytes generate the same characteristic DHP-DNA adducts. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 39:4, pages 357-372.
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Li Guo, Li Zhang, Haiman Xu, Pei Yu, Zhigang Wang, Danyi Lu, Min Chen & Baojian Wu. (2021) Diurnal hepatic CYP3A11 contributes to chronotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine in mice. Xenobiotica 51:9, pages 1019-1028.
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Patrick P.J. Mulder, Mirjam D. Klijnstra, Roselinde M.A. Goselink, Ad M. van Vuuren, John W. Cone, Geert Stoopen & Ron L.A.P. Hoogenboom. (2020) Transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from ragwort, common groundsel and viper’s bugloss to milk from dairy cows. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37:11, pages 1906-1921.
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Ting Cheng, Weiwei Li, Xiaojing Yang, Huali Wang, Fan Zhang, Na Li, Ge Lin & Jiang Zheng. (2020) Antibody-based detection of lysine modification of hepatic protein in mice treated with retrorsine. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 38:4, pages 315-328.
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Inga Mädge, Matthias Gehling, Cindy Schöne, Peter Winterhalter & Anja These. (2020) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiling of four Boraginaceae species from Northern Germany and implications for the analytical scope proposed for monitoring of maximum levels. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37:8, pages 1339-1358.
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Xiaobo He, Qingsu Xia, Qiang Shi & Peter P. Fu. (2020) Effects of glutathione and cysteine on pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity and DNA adduct formation in rat primary hepatocytes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 38:2, pages 109-123.
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Dong-Ping Li, Ying-Ling Chen, Hong-Yue Jiang, Yun Chen, Xiao-Qing Zeng, Li-Li Xu, Yang Ye, Chang-Qiang Ke, Ge Lin, Ji-Yao Wang & Hong Gao. (2019) Phosphocreatine attenuates Gynura segetum-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via a SIRT3-SOD2-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 13, pages 2081-2096.
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Bo Wen & Peter Gorycki. (2019) Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metabolism Reviews 51:4, pages 453-497.
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Yu-Bin Ji, Yuan-Song Wang, Tao-Tao Fu, Si-Qi Ma, Yao-Dong Qi, Jian-Yong Si, Di-An Sun & Yong-Hong Liao. (2019) Quantitative analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Gynura procumbens by liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry after enrichment by PCX solid-phase extraction. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 99:11, pages 1090-1102.
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Na Li, Fan Zhang, Wei Lian, Huali Wang, Jiang Zheng & Ge Lin. (2017) Immunoassay approach for diagnosis of exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 35:3, pages 127-139.
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Xiaobo He, Qingsu Xia & Peter P. Fu. (2017) 7-Glutathione-pyrrole and 7-cysteine-pyrrole are potential carcinogenic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 35:2, pages 69-83.
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Patrick P. J. Mulder, Susannah L. de Witte, Geert M. Stoopen, Jan van der Meulen, Piet G. van Wikselaar, Erik Gruys, Maria J. Groot & Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom. (2016) Transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from various herbs to eggs and meat in laying hens. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 33:12, pages 1826-1839.
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Xiaobo He, Qingsu Xia, Liang Ma & Peter P. Fu. (2016) 7-cysteine-pyrrole conjugate: A new potential DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 34:1, pages 57-76.
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Hong Gao, Jianqing Q Ruan, Jie Chen, Na Li, Changqiang Q Ke, Yang Ye, Ge Lin & Jiyao Y Wang. (2015) Blood pyrrole-protein adducts as a diagnostic and prognostic index in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 9, pages 4861-4868.
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Jakob Avi Shimshoni, Arne Duebecke, Patrick P.J. Mulder, Olga Cuneah & Shimon Barel. (2015) Pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in teas and the herbal teas peppermint, rooibos and chamomile in the Israeli market. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 32:12, pages 2058-2067.
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Chia-Chi Wang, Qingsu Xia, Meng Li, Shuguang Wang, Yuewei Zhao, William H. Tolleson, Jun-Jie Yin & Peter P. Fu. (2014) Metabolic Activation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Leading to Phototoxicity and Photogenotoxicity in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 32:4, pages 362-384.
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Caroline T. Griffin, Francesca Gosetto, Martin Danaher, Stefano Sabatini & Ambrose Furey. (2014) Investigation of targeted pyrrolizidine alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicines and selected herbal teas sourced in Ireland using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 31:5, pages 940-961.
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Hemlata Tamta, Rahul S. Pawar, Wayne G. Wamer, Erich Grundel, Alexander J. Krynitsky & Jeanne I. Rader. (2012) Comparison of metabolism-mediated effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a HepG2/C3A cell-S9 co-incubation system and quantification of their glutathione conjugates. Xenobiotica 42:10, pages 1038-1048.
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H. Wiedenfeld. (2011) Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 28:3, pages 282-292.
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