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Original Articles

Suggestibility or Hypnosis: What do our Scales Really Measure?

Pages 212-225 | Received 14 Dec 1996, Accepted 19 Sep 1996, Published online: 31 Jan 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (36)

Steven Jay Lynn, Joseph P. Green, Anoushiravan Zahedi & Clément Apelian. (2023) The response set theory of hypnosis reconsidered: toward an integrative model. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 65:3, pages 186-210.
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Olafur S. Palsson, Sarah Ballou & Marcia E. Walker. (2022) Association of Thought Impact Scale Scores with Hypnosis Treatment Responses and Hypnotherapy-Seeking: A Confirmation Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 70:1, pages 28-48.
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Burkhard Peter & R. Lynae Roberts. (2022) Hypnotizability Norms may not be Representative of the General Population: Potential Sample and Self-Selection Bias Considerations. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 70:1, pages 49-67.
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Ulrike Halsband & Thomas Gerhard Wolf. (2021) Current neuroscientific research database findings of brain activity changes after hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 63:4, pages 372-388.
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Björn Riegel, Sven Tönnies, Ernil Hansen, Nina Zech, Sandra Eck, Anil Batra & Burkhard Peter. (2021) German Norms of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) and Proposal of a 5-Item Short-Version (HGSHS-5:G). International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 69:1, pages 112-123.
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Paul F. Dell. (2021) Hypnotizability and the Natural Human Ability to Alter Experience. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 69:1, pages 7-26.
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David J. Acunzo & Devin B. Terhune. (2021) A Critical Review of Standardized Measures of Hypnotic Suggestibility. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 69:1, pages 50-71.
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Jonathan M. Cleveland, Bryan T. Reuther & Steven N. Gold. (2020) The varied relationship between hypnosis and dissociative phenomena: Implications for traumatology. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 63:2, pages 139-149.
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Anthony F. Tasso, Nicole A. Pérez, Mark Moore, Robert Griffo & Michael R. Nash. (2020) HYPNOTIC RESPONSIVENESS AND NONHYPNOTIC SUGGESTIBILITY: DISPARATE, SIMILAR, OR THE SAME?. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 68:1, pages 38-67.
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Paolo Scacchia & Vilfredo De Pascalis. (2020) Effects of Prehypnotic Instructions on Hypnotizability and Relationships Between Hypnotizability, Absorption, and Empathy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 62:3, pages 231-266.
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Olafur S. Palsson. (2020) Development and Validation of the Thought Impact Scale: A Measure of Subconscious Connectedness. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 62:3, pages 198-230.
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Pierre Rainville, Anouk Streff, Jen-I Chen, Bérengère Houzé, Carolane Desmarteaux & Mathieu Piché. (2019) Hypnotic Automaticity in the Brain at Rest: An Arterial Spin Labelling Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 67:4, pages 512-542.
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Xavier Pellicer Asensio, Adela Fusté Escolano & José Ruiz Rodríguez. (2018) Psychometric Analysis of the Barber Suggestibility Scale in a Clinical Population. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 60:4, pages 386-402.
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Paul F. Dell. (2017) What is the Essence of Hypnosis?. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 65:2, pages 162-168.
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Paul F. Dell. (2017) Is high hypnotizability a necessary diathesis for pathological dissociation?. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 18:1, pages 58-87.
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Jonathan M. Cleveland, Brandon M. Korman & Steven N. Gold. (2015) Are Hypnosis and Dissociation Related? New Evidence for a Connection. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 63:2, pages 198-214.
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Burkhard Peter, Emilia Geiger, Tanja Prade, Sarah Vogel & Christoph Piesbergen. (2015) Norms of German Adolescents for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 63:1, pages 92-109.
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Burkhard Peter, Sarah E. Vogel, Tanja Prade, Emilia Geiger, John C. Mohl & Christoph Piesbergen. (2014) Hypnotizability, Personality Style, and Attachment: An Exploratory Study, Part 1—General Results. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 57:1, pages 13-40.
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Joseph Meyerson. (2014) The Myth of Hypnosis: The Need for Remythification. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 62:3, pages 378-393.
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Emilia Geiger, Burkhard Peter, Tanja Prade & Christoph Piesbergen. (2014) Intelligence and Hypnotizability: Is There a Connection?. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 62:3, pages 310-329.
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Katalin Varga, Lajos Farkas & László Mérő. (2012) On the Objectivity of the Scoring of Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 60:4, pages 458-479.
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Pedro A. Magalhães de Saldanha da Gama, Thomas Davy & Axel Cleeremans. (2012) Belgian Norms for the Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 60:3, pages 356-369.
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RonaldJ. Pekala, V.K. Kumar, Ronald Maurer, Nancy Elliott-Carter, Edward Moon & Karen Mullen. (2010) Suggestibility, Expectancy, Trance State Effects, and Hypnotic Depth: II. Assessment via the PCI-HAP. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 52:4, pages 291-318.
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Pesach Lichtenberg. (2008) Israeli Norms for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 56:4, pages 384-393.
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GIANCARLO CARLI, CARMELA RENDO, LAURA SEBASTIANI & ENRICAL. SANTARCANGELO. (2006) Suggestions of Altered Balance: Possible Equivalence of Imagery and Perception . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 54:2, pages 206-223.
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Grant Benham, Norris Smith & MichaelR. Nash. (2002) Hypnotic susceptibility scales: Are the mean scores increasing?. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 50:1, pages 5-16.
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TracyE. Moran, RichardM. Kurtz & MichaelJ. Strube. (2002) The Efficacy of the Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form C. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 44:3-4, pages 221-230.
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NancyE. Schoenberger. (2000) Research on hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 48:2, pages 154-169.
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Irving Kirsch. (2000) The Response Set Theory of Hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 42:3-4, pages 274-292.
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SakariP. I. Kallio & MikkoJ. Ihamuotila. (1999) Finnish norms for the harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility, form a. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47:3, pages 227-235.
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Irving Kirsch, CherylA. Burgess & Wayne Braffman. (1999) Attentional resources in hypnotic responding. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47:3, pages 175-191.
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Irving Kirsch, Leonard S. Milling & Cheryl Burgess. (1998) Experiential scoring for the waterloo-stanford group c scale. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 46:3, pages 269-279.
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Eve Marie Perugini, Irving Kirsch, Sarah T. Allen, Eleanor Coldwell, Janelle M. Meredith, Guy H. Montgomery & Julia Sheehan. (1998) Surreptitious observation of responses to hypnotically suggested hallucinations: A test of the compliance hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 46:2, pages 191-203.
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Erik Woody & Peter Farvolden. (1998) Dissociation in Hypnosis and Frontal Executive Function. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 40:3, pages 206-216.
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ErikZ. Woody. (1997) Have the hypnotic susceptibility scales outlived their usefulness?. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 45:3, pages 226-238.
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Abbie J. Irving, Niia Nikolova, Susan Robinson, Iris Ionita, Steve W. Kelly, Irving Kirsch, Giuliana Mazzoni, Annalena Venneri & William J. McGeown. (2024) The relationship between transliminality, hypnotic and imaginative suggestibility, and other personality traits. Acta Psychologica 243, pages 104125.
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Alla V. Solenkova & Andrey Yu. Lubnin. (2022) Hypnosis in anesthesiology and neurosurgery. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management 16:1, pages 33-44.
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Mathias Egli, Manja Deforth, Stefanie Keiser, Patrick Meyenberger, Stefanie Muff, Claudia M. Witt & Jürgen Barth. (2022) Effectiveness of a Brief Hypnotic Induction in Third Molar Extraction: A Randomized Controlled Trial (HypMol). The Journal of Pain 23:6, pages 1071-1081.
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Anoushiravan Zahedi & Werner Sommer. (2022) Can hypnotic susceptibility be explained by bifactor models? Structural equation modeling of the Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility – Form A. Consciousness and Cognition 99, pages 103289.
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Bence Palfi, G. Moga, P. Lush, R. B. Scott & Z. Dienes. (2019) Can hypnotic suggestibility be measured online?. Psychological Research 84:5, pages 1460-1471.
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Vilfredo De Pascalis & Enrica Laura Santarcangelo. (2020) Hypnotizability-Related Asymmetries: A Review. Symmetry 12:6, pages 1015.
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Rózsa Sándor, Hupuczi Ernő, Martin László, Birkás Béla, Hartung István, Hargitai Rita, Varga József, Láng András, Tiringer István & Kállai János. (2019) A Tellegen Abszorpciós Skála részletes pszichometriai elemzése. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika 20:1, pages 35-77.
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Jürgen Barth, Mathias Egli, Stefanie Maier, Patrick Meyenberger & Claudia M. Witt. (2019) Effectiveness of hypnosis with the Dave Elman technique in third molar extraction: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (HypMol). European Journal of Integrative Medicine 26, pages 18-23.
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Joost B. C. Mertens & Eric Vermetten. 2018. Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation. Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation 223 239 .
Jenna L Gillett & Emily Mattacola. (2017) RETRACTION: The moderating factors of neuroticism and extraversion in pain anticipation. British Journal of Pain 12:2, pages 131-131.
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Alexander J. Srzich, Winston D. Byblow, James W. Stinear, John Cirillo & J. Greg Anson. (2016) Can motor imagery and hypnotic susceptibility explain Conversion Disorder with motor symptoms?. Neuropsychologia 89, pages 287-298.
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Riccardo Chiarucci, Dario Madeo, Maria I. Loffredo, Eleonora Castellani, Enrica L. Santarcangelo & Chiara Mocenni. (2014) Cross-evidence for hypnotic susceptibility through nonlinear measures on EEGs of non-hypnotized subjects. Scientific Reports 4:1.
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Pedro A. Magalhães De Saldanha da Gama, Hichem Slama, Emilie A. Caspar, Wim Gevers & Axel Cleeremans. (2013) Placebo-Suggestion Modulates Conflict Resolution in the Stroop Task. PLoS ONE 8:10, pages e75701.
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Irving Kirsch. (2011) Suggestibility and suggestive modulation of the Stroop effect. Consciousness and Cognition 20:2, pages 335-336.
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Peter L.N. Naish. (2010) Hypnosis and hemispheric asymmetry. Consciousness and Cognition 19:1, pages 230-234.
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Zoltán Dienes, Elizabeth Brown, Sam Hutton, Irving Kirsch, Giuliana Mazzoni & Daniel B. Wright. (2009) Hypnotic suggestibility, cognitive inhibition, and dissociation. Consciousness and Cognition 18:4, pages 837-847.
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Andrew Armatas. (2009) Coaching Hypnosis: Integrating hypnotic strategies and principles in coaching. International Coaching Psychology Review 4:2, pages 174-183.
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Leonard S. Milling. (2009) Response expectancies: a psychological mechanism of suggested and placebo analgesia. Contemporary Hypnosis 26:2, pages 93-110.
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Irving Kirsch, Giuliana Mazzoni, Kathrine Roberts, Zoltan Dienes, Michael N. Hallquist, John Williams & Steven Jay Lynn. (2008) Slipping into trance. Contemporary Hypnosis 25:3-4, pages 202-209.
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Vladimir A. Gheorghiu & Günter Molz. (2008) Measurement of responses to suggestions for relaxation by means of indirect and direct tests. Contemporary Hypnosis 25:2, pages 78-93.
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R. J. Brown, A. Schrag, E. Krishnamoorthy & M. R. Trimble. (2007) Are patients with somatization disorder highly suggestible?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117:3, pages 232-235.
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Alfred A. Barrios. (2007) Commentary on a theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition Part I: contrasts with other perspectives and supporting evidence. Contemporary Hypnosis 24:3, pages 109-122.
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Christoph Piesbergen & Burkhard Peter. (2006) An investigation of the factor structure of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A). Contemporary Hypnosis 23:2, pages 59-71.
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Mark Blagrove, Christopher C. French & Gareth Jones. (2006) Probabilistic reasoning, affirmative bias and belief in precognitive dreams. Applied Cognitive Psychology 20:1, pages 65-83.
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Balaganesh Gandhi & David A. Oakley. (2005) Does ‘hypnosis’ by any other name smell as sweet? The efficacy of ‘hypnotic’ inductions depends on the label ‘hypnosis’. Consciousness and Cognition 14:2, pages 304-315.
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Leonard S. Milling, Irving Kirsch, George J. Allen & Erin L. Reutenauer. (2005) The effects of hypnotic and nonhypnotic imaginative suggestion on pain. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 29:2, pages 116-127.
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Antonio Capafons. (2006) Clinical applications of ‘waking’ hypnosis from a cognitive‐behavioural perspective: from efficacy to efficiency. Contemporary Hypnosis 21:4, pages 187-201.
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Bruce C. Poulsen & William J. MatthewsJrJr. (2006) Correlates of imaginative and hypnotic suggestibility in children. Contemporary Hypnosis 20:4, pages 198-208.
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Harutomo Hasegawa & Graham A. Jamieson. (2006) Conceptual issues in hypnosis research: explanations, definitions and the state/non‐state debate. Contemporary Hypnosis 19:3, pages 103-117.
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Richard J Brown, Elena Antonova, Arun Langley & David A Oakley. (2006) The effects of absorption and reduced critical thought on suggestibility in an hypnotic context. Contemporary Hypnosis 18:2, pages 62-72.
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VA Gheorghiu, E Koch, H Fialkovski, W Pieper & G Molz. (2006) Factors influencing the illusion of warmth. Contemporary Hypnosis 18:1, pages 21-31.
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Irving Kirsch & Wayne Braffman. (2006) Correlates of hypnotizability: the first empirical study. Contemporary Hypnosis 16:4, pages 224-230.
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Richard J. Brown. (2006) Three dimensions of hypnosis or multiple routes to suggested responding?. Contemporary Hypnosis 16:3, pages 128-131.
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Irving Kirsch. (2006) Deconstructing and reconstructing hypnosis. Contemporary Hypnosis 15:3, pages 166-170.
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Cheryl A. Burgess, Irving Kirsch, Howard Shane, Kristen L. Niederauer, Steven M. Graham & Alyson Bacon. (2016) Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response. Psychological Science 9:1, pages 71-74.
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